{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T04:14:06Z","timestamp":1793765646057,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9-10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Arch Occup Environ Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-025-02184-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T06:44:39Z","timestamp":1763966679000},"page":"1013-1022","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence, subtypes, and risk factors of noise-Induced hearing loss in high-risk occupations: a cross-sectional study in Ningbo"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Fanfu","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinning","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guochuan","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huayun","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renhai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shangshu","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2184_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3801","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-87505-7","volume":"15","author":"Y Bai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bai Y, Lin Y, Sun D et al (2025) Protective factors contributing to the health status of construction industry migrant workers in Chinese Mainland. Sci Rep 15:3801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-87505-7","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2184_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a033217","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a033217","volume":"9","author":"MR Bowl","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bowl MR, Dawson SJ (2019) Age-Related hearing loss. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 9:a033217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a033217","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"2184_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.21.285643","volume":"99","author":"S Chadha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chadha S, Kamenov K, Cieza A (2021) The world report on hearing, 2021. Bull World Health Organ 99:242\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2471\/BLT.21.285643. A","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2184_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-020-00906-0","volume":"25","author":"K-H Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen K-H, Su S-B, Chen K-T (2020) An overview of occupational noise-induced hearing loss among workers: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and preventive measures. Environ Health Prev Med 25:65. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12199-020-00906-0","journal-title":"Environ Health Prev Med"},{"key":"2184_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1080\/14992020802441799","volume":"48","author":"K Demeester","year":"2009","unstructured":"Demeester K, van Wieringen A, Hendrickx J et al (2009) Audiometric shape and presbycusis. Int J Audiol 48:222\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14992020802441799","journal-title":"Int J Audiol"},{"key":"2184_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-013-0396-x","volume":"14","author":"JR Dubno","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dubno JR, Eckert MA, Lee F-S et al (2013) Classifying human audiometric phenotypes of Age-Related hearing loss from animal models. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 14:687\u2013701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10162-013-0396-x","journal-title":"J Assoc Res Otolaryngol"},{"key":"2184_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s42506-023-00135-7","volume":"98","author":"N Elshaer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Elshaer N, Meleis D, Mohamed A (2023) Prevalence and correlates of occupational noise-induced hearing loss among workers in the steel industry. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 98:11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42506-023-00135-7","journal-title":"J Egypt Public Health Assoc"},{"key":"2184_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.4103\/nah.NAH_45_17","volume":"20","author":"F-J Huang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huang F-J, Hsieh C-J, Young CH et al (2018) The assessment of exposure to occupational noise and hearing loss for stoneworkers in Taiwan. Noise Health 20:146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/nah.NAH_45_17","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"key":"2184_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2023.108854","volume":"437","author":"KN Jahn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jahn KN, Polley DB (2023) Asymmetric hearing thresholds are associated with hyperacusis in a large clinical population. Hear Res 437:108854. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heares.2023.108854","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"2184_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e414","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002568","volume":"41","author":"RM Lewis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lewis RM, Jahn KN, Parthasarathy A et al (2020) Audiometric predictors of bothersome tinnitus in a large clinical cohort of adults with sensorineural hearing loss. Otol Neurotol 41:e414\u2013e421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002568","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"2184_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.06.100","volume":"135","author":"X Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li X, Song Z, Wang T et al (2016) Health impacts of construction noise on workers: A quantitative assessment model based on exposure measurement. J Clean Prod 135:721\u2013731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.06.100","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"2184_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lucas D, Guerrero F, Jouve E et al (2022) Effect of occupational exposure to welding fumes and noise on heart rate variability: an exposed-unexposed study on welders and airport workers\u2019 population. Front Public Health 10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.937774","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.937774"},{"key":"2184_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919239","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.919239","volume":"10","author":"M Melese","year":"2022","unstructured":"Melese M, Adugna DG, Mulat B, Adera A (2022) Hearing loss and its associated factors among metal workshop workers at Gondar city, Northwest Ethiopia. Front Public Health 10:919239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.919239","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2184_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e498","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000001423","volume":"60","author":"R Mirza","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mirza R, Kirchner DB, Dobie RA, Crawford J (2018a) Occupational Noise-Induced hearing loss. J Occup Environ Med 60:e498\u2013e501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JOM.0000000000001423","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2184_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e498","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000001423","volume":"60","author":"R Mirza","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mirza R, Kirchner DB, Dobie RA, Crawford J (2018b) Occupational Noise-Induced hearing loss. J Occup Environ Med 60:e498\u2013e501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JOM.0000000000001423","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2184_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2016.05.014","volume":"55","author":"VPK Muthaiah","year":"2016","unstructured":"Muthaiah VPK, Chen G-D, Ding D et al (2016) Effect of manganese and manganese plus noise on auditory function and cochlear structures. Neurotoxicology 55:65\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuro.2016.05.014","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"2184_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-203405","volume":"68","author":"P Nassiri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nassiri P, Monazzam MR, Dehghan SF et al (2021) The combined effect of industrial noise type, level and frequency characteristics on hand motor skills: A lab trial study. Work 68:711\u2013719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/WOR-203405","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"2184_CR22","unstructured":"National Health Commission of China (2024) 2023 Statistical Bulletin on China\u2019s Health and Wellness Sector Development. https:\/\/www.nhc.gov.cn\/wjw\/c100178\/202408\/1de460738f81464280e9ed3277630e33.shtml"},{"key":"2184_CR21","unstructured":"National Health Commission of China (2023) 2022 Statistical Bulletin on China\u2019s Health and Wellness Sector Development. https:\/\/www.nhc.gov.cn\/guihuaxxs\/c100133\/202310\/47ee31c7935942ce863ad33bd8986b13.shtml. Accessed 6 Apr 2025"},{"key":"2184_CR20","unstructured":"National Health Commission of China (2022) 2021 Statistical Bulletin on China\u2019s Health and Wellness Sector Development. https:\/\/www.gov.cn\/xinwen\/2022-07\/12\/content_5700670.htm. Accessed 6 Apr 2025"},{"key":"2184_CR19","unstructured":"National Health Commission of China (2021) 2020 Statistical Bulletin on China\u2019s Health and Wellness Sector Development. https:\/\/www.nhc.gov.cn\/guihuaxxs\/c100133\/202107\/8a30471ba4d1448c9b3e127239570150.shtml. Accessed 6 Apr 2025"},{"key":"2184_CR18","unstructured":"National Health Commission of China (2020) 2019 Statistical Bulletin on China\u2019s Health and Wellness Sector Development. https:\/\/www.nhc.gov.cn\/guihuaxxs\/c100136\/202006\/e6e4316bcfcd4b689fec2e81cfba49a5.shtml. Accessed 6 Apr 2025"},{"key":"2184_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36306","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36306","volume":"6","author":"N Ohgami","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ohgami N, Yajima I, Iida M et al (2016) Manganese-mediated acceleration of age-related hearing loss in mice. Sci Rep 6:36306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep36306","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2184_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6704","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63515-5","volume":"10","author":"A Parthasarathy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Parthasarathy A, Romero Pinto S, Lewis RM et al (2020) Data-driven segmentation of audiometric phenotypes across a large clinical cohort. Sci Rep 10:6704. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-63515-5","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2184_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.16369\/j.oher.issn.1007-1326.2023.03.008","volume":"41","author":"HOU Qiang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qiang HOU, Min XIE, Yueting S, Liyan YU (2023) Investigation of occupational hearing loss in manganese-containing welding workers. Occup Health Emerg Rescue 41:296\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16369\/j.oher.issn.1007-1326.2023.03.008","journal-title":"Occup Health Emerg Rescue"},{"key":"2184_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.23343","volume":"65","author":"Y Ruan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ruan Y, Zhang J, Mai S et al (2022) Audiometric data analysis for prevention of noise-induced hearing loss: A new approach. Am J Ind Med 65:409\u2013424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajim.23343","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"2184_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12208","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212208","volume":"22","author":"B Shuster","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shuster B, Casserly R, Lipford E et al (2021) Estradiol protects against Noise-Induced hearing loss and modulates auditory physiology in female mice. Int J Mol Sci 22:12208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms222212208","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2184_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001077","volume":"43","author":"VAR Silva","year":"2022","unstructured":"Silva VAR, Guimar\u00e3es AC, Lavinsky J et al (2022) Five-Year longitudinal cohort study determines the critical intervals for periodic audiometric testing based on 5070 tests of metallurgical workers exposed and nonexposed to noise. Ear Hear 43:81\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001077","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"key":"2184_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14101139","volume":"14","author":"M \u015aliwi\u0144ska-Kowalska","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u015aliwi\u0144ska-Kowalska M, Zaborowski K (2017) WHO environmental noise guidelines for the European region: A systematic review on environmental noise and permanent hearing loss and tinnitus. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14:1139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph14101139","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2184_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.15-0291-OA","volume":"59","author":"A Sriopas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sriopas A, Chapman RS, Sutammasa S, Siriwong W (2017a) Occupational noise-induced hearing loss in auto part factory workers in welding units in Thailand. J Occup Health 59:55\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1539\/joh.15-0291-OA","journal-title":"J Occup Health"},{"key":"2184_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.15-0291-OA","volume":"59","author":"A Sriopas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sriopas A, Chapman RS, Sutammasa S, Siriwong W (2017b) Occupational noise-induced hearing loss in auto part factory workers in welding units in Thailand. J Occup Health 59:55\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1539\/joh.15-0291-OA","journal-title":"J Occup Health"},{"key":"2184_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9447","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-90023-1","volume":"15","author":"Z Su","year":"2025","unstructured":"Su Z, Fan S, Niu Y et al (2025a) The association between occupational noise exposure and hearing loss among petrochemical enterprise workers in Hainan, South China. Sci Rep 15:9447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-90023-1","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2184_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9447","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-90023-1","volume":"15","author":"Z Su","year":"2025","unstructured":"Su Z, Fan S, Niu Y et al (2025b) The association between occupational noise exposure and hearing loss among petrochemical enterprise workers in Hainan, South China. Sci Rep 15:9447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-90023-1","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2184_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10730-y","volume":"21","author":"R Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun R, Shang W, Cao Y, Lan Y (2021) A risk model and nomogram for high-frequency hearing loss in noise-exposed workers. BMC Public Health 21:747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-10730-y","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2184_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662045","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.662045","volume":"8","author":"Q Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Q, Qian M, Yang L et al (2021a) Audiometric phenotypes of Noise-Induced hearing loss by Data-Driven cluster analysis and their relevant characteristics. Front Med 8:662045. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2021.662045","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"2184_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-021-00369-0","volume":"12","author":"Q Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Q, Wang X, Yang L et al (2021b) Sex differences in noise-induced hearing loss: a cross-sectional study in China. Biol Sex Differ 12:24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13293-021-00369-0","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differ"},{"key":"2184_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3423","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-21094-4","volume":"24","author":"S Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang S, Liu S, Li K et al (2024) A systematic analysis of the burden of disease attributable to occupational noise-induced hearing loss in China based on the 2019 global burden of disease study. BMC Public Health 24:3423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-21094-4","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2184_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001327","volume":"44","author":"J Xin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xin J, Shi Z, Qian P et al (2023) Effectiveness of Kurtosis-Adjusted cumulative noise exposure in assessing occupational hearing loss associated with complex noise. Ear Hear 44:865\u2013876. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001327","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"key":"2184_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.16462\/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2022.08.003","volume":"26","author":"LI Xin-xin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xin-xin LI, An-qi LIU, Dan W et al (2022) Epidemiological characteristics of hearing loss among workers exposed to noise in Chinese industrial enterprises in 2020. Chin J Control Prev 26:882\u2013887. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16462\/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2022.08.003","journal-title":"Chin J Control Prev"},{"key":"2184_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2020.04.002","volume":"11","author":"AK Zaw","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zaw AK, Myat AM, Thandar M et al (2020) Assessment of noise exposure and hearing loss among workers in textile mill (Thamine), myanmar: A Cross-Sectional study. Saf Health Work 11:199\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.shaw.2020.04.002","journal-title":"Saf Health Work"},{"key":"2184_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2021.103","volume":"3","author":"M Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang M, Gao X, Qiu W et al (2021a) The role of the kurtosis metric in evaluating the risk of occupational hearing loss associated with complex Noise \u2014 Zhejiang Province, China, 2010\u2009\u2013\u20092019. China CDC Wkly 3:378\u2013382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46234\/ccdcw2021.103","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly"},{"key":"2184_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001068","volume":"42","author":"M Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang M, Qiu W, Xie H et al (2021b) Applying kurtosis as an indirect metric of noise Temporal structure in the assessment of hearing loss associated with occupational complex noise exposure. Ear Hear 42:1782\u20131796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001068","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"key":"2184_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10496-3","volume":"21","author":"S Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao S, He D, Zhang H et al (2021) Health study of 11,800 workers under occupational noise in Xinjiang. BMC Public Health 21:460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-10496-3","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"}],"container-title":["International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00420-025-02184-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00420-025-02184-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00420-025-02184-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T15:55:45Z","timestamp":1764690945000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00420-025-02184-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9-10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2184"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00420-025-02184-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-0131","1432-1246"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-0131","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1246","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Medical Ethics Review Committee of the Zhenhai District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo City. Given the retrospective nature of the occupational health examination data and the measures taken to protect participants\u2019 privacy and personal identifying information, the committee granted a waiver of informed consent.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}