{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:02:44Z","timestamp":1785412964228,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,14]],"date-time":"2016-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1465862400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,14]],"date-time":"2016-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1465862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1 TR000154"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR000154"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1 TR001082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR001082"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The City of Boulder"},{"name":"Skratch Labs LLC"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Appl Physiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-016-3408-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,14]],"date-time":"2016-06-14T09:01:03Z","timestamp":1465894863000},"page":"1565-1573","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Pedelecs as a physically active transportation mode"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"James E.","family":"Peterman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalee L.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodger","family":"Kram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William C.","family":"Byrnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"3408_CR1","unstructured":"Bike Europe Web Site [Internet] (2016a) EU-2010: E-bikes rising star in all major markets. \n                    http:\/\/www.bike-eu.com\/Sales-Trends\/Market-Report\/2011\/9\/bEU-2010b-E-bikes-Rising-Star-in-All-Major-Markets-BIK005299W\/\n                    \n                  . Accessed Feb 5 2016"},{"key":"3408_CR2","unstructured":"Bike Europe Web Site [Internet] (2016b) Speed e-bike sales scores 30 % growth in Holland. \n                    http:\/\/www.bike-eu.com\/sales-trends\/nieuws\/2016\/1\/speed-e-bike-sales-scores-30-growth-in-holland-10125408\n                    \n                  . Accessed 10 Jan 2016"},{"issue":"4","key":"3408_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2007.00729.x","volume":"18","author":"B de Geus","year":"2008","unstructured":"de Geus B, Van Hoof E, Aerts I, Meeusen R (2008) Cycling to work: influence on indexes of health in untrained men and women in Flanders. Coronary heart disease and quality of life. Scand J Med Sci Sports 18(4):498\u2013510","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"2","key":"3408_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2008.00776.x","volume":"19","author":"B de Geus","year":"2009","unstructured":"de Geus B, Joncheere J, Meeusen R (2009) Cycling to work: influence on indexes of health in untrained men and women in Flanders: minimum dose to improve indexes of fitness. Scand J Med Sci Sports 19(2):179\u2013187","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"3","key":"3408_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2011.606845","volume":"13","author":"B de Geus","year":"2013","unstructured":"de Geus B, Kempenaers F, Lataire P, Meeusen R (2013) Influence of electrically assisted cycling on physiological parameters in untrained subjects. Eur J Sport Sci 13(3):290\u2013294","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"3408_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E219","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20145","volume":"21","author":"JE Donnelly","year":"2013","unstructured":"Donnelly JE, Honas JJ, Smith BK et al (2013) Aerobic exercise alone results in clinically significant weight loss for men and women: midwest exercise trial 2. Obesity 21(3):E219\u2013E228","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"issue":"5","key":"3408_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1931","volume":"35","author":"DW Dunstan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dunstan DW, Kingwell BA, Larsen R et al (2012) Breaking up prolonged sitting reduces postprandial glucose and insulin responses. Diabetes Care 35(5):976\u2013983","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"15","key":"3408_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200131150-00002","volume":"31","author":"JL Durstine","year":"2001","unstructured":"Durstine JL, Grandjean PW, Davis PG, Ferguson MA, Alderson NL, DuBose KD (2001) Blood lipid and lipoprotein adaptations to exercise: a quantitative analysis. Sports Med 31(15):1033\u20131062","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"3408_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1097\/00008483-200211000-00002","volume":"22","author":"JL Durstine","year":"2002","unstructured":"Durstine JL, Grandjean PW, Cox CA, Thompson PD (2002) Lipids, lipoproteins, and exercise. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 22(6):385\u2013398","journal-title":"J Cardiopulm Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"3408_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2004.04.011","volume":"27","author":"LD Frank","year":"2004","unstructured":"Frank LD, Andresen MA, Schmid TL (2004) Obesity relationships with community design, physical activity, and time spent in cars. Am J Prev Med 27(2):87\u201396","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"3408_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199805000-00021","volume":"30","author":"PS Freedson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Freedson PS, Melanson E, Sirard J (1998) Calibration of the Computer Science and Applications, Inc. accelerometer. Med Sci Sports Exerc 30(5):777\u2013781","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"11","key":"3408_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31821cbdc8","volume":"43","author":"B Gojanovic","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gojanovic B, Welker J, Iglesias K, Daucourt C, Gremion G (2011) Electric bicycles as a new active transportation modality to promote health. Med Sci Sports Exerc 43(11):2204\u20132210","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"3","key":"3408_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21003","volume":"23","author":"RW Grant","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grant RW, Dixit VD (2015) Adipose tissue as an immunological organ. Obesity 23(3):512\u2013518","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"issue":"6","key":"3408_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-0114","volume":"30","author":"GN Healy","year":"2007","unstructured":"Healy GN, Dunstan DW, Salmon J et al (2007) Objectively measured light-intensity physical activity is independently associated with 2-h plasma glucose. Diabetes Care 30(6):1384\u20131389","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"3408_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200002000-00037","volume":"32","author":"IJ Hendriksen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hendriksen IJ, Zuiderveld B, Kemper HC, Bezemer PD (2000) Effect of commuter cycling on physical performance of male and female employees. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32(2):504\u2013510","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"6","key":"3408_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2013.844347","volume":"32","author":"B Herman Hansen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Herman Hansen B, B\u00d8rtnes I, Hildebrand M, Holme I, Kolle E, Anderssen SA (2014) Validity of the Actigraph GT1M during walking and cycling. J Sports Sci 32(6):510\u2013516","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"3408_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2012.02.020","volume":"42","author":"CM Hoehner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hoehner CM, Barlow CE, Allen P, Schootman M (2012) Commuting distance, cardiorespiratory fitness, and metabolic risk. Am J Prev Med 42(6):571\u2013578","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"3408_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.164.19.2147","volume":"164","author":"EB Levitan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Levitan EB, Song Y, Ford ES, Liu S (2004) Is nondiabetic hyperglycemia a risk factor for cardiovascular disease?: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Arch Intern Med 164(19):2147\u20132155","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"3408_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e318269d9bb","volume":"91","author":"J Louis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Louis J, Brisswalter J, Morio C, Barla C, Temprado JJ (2012) The electrically assisted bicycle: an alternative way to promote physical activity. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 91(11):931\u2013940","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"3408_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000802","author":"M Mansoubi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mansoubi M, Pearson N, Biddle SJ, Clemes SA (2015) Using sit-to-stand workstations in offices: is there a compensation effect? Med Sci Sports Exerc. doi:\n                    10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000802","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"7","key":"3408_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00280883","volume":"28","author":"DR Matthews","year":"1985","unstructured":"Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC (1985) Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 28(7):412\u2013419","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"3408_CR22","unstructured":"Mayo Clinic Web Site [Internet] (2016) Barriers to fitness: overcoming common challenges. \n                    http:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/healthy-lifestyle\/fitness\/in-depth\/fitness\/art-20045099\n                    \n                  . Accessed 4 Feb 2016"},{"key":"3408_CR23","unstructured":"McKenzie B (2013) Out-of-state and long commutes: 2011. US Censes Bureau"},{"key":"3408_CR24","unstructured":"McKenzie B, Rapino M (2011) Commuting in the US: 2009. US Census Bureau"},{"issue":"3","key":"3408_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.73.3.1067","volume":"73","author":"J Roca","year":"1992","unstructured":"Roca J, Agusti A, Alonso A et al (1992) Effects of training on muscle O2 transport at VO2max. J Appl Physiol 73(3):1067\u20131076","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"3408_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.8.1397","volume":"24","author":"SH Saydah","year":"2001","unstructured":"Saydah SH, Miret M, Sung J, Varas C, Gause D, Brancati FL (2001) Postchallenge hyperglycemia and mortality in a national sample of US adults. Diabetes Care 24(8):1397\u20131402","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"3408_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4015","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-012-2382-0","volume":"112","author":"B Sperlich","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sperlich B, Zinner C, Hebert-Losier K, Born DP, Holmberg HC (2012) Biomechanical, cardiorespiratory, metabolic and perceived responses to electrically assisted cycling. Eur J Appl Physiol 112(2):4015\u20134025","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"3408_CR28","unstructured":"Statista Web Site [Internet] (2016) Projected worldwide sales of electric bicycles in 2018 by region (in million units). \n                    http:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/255658\/worldwide-sales-of-electric-bicycles-by-region\/\n                    \n                  . Accessed 10 Jan 2016"},{"issue":"10","key":"3408_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-09-0372","volume":"18","author":"RC van Kruijsdijk","year":"2009","unstructured":"van Kruijsdijk RC, van der Wall E, Visseren FL (2009) Obesity and cancer: the role of dysfunctional adipose tissue. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 18(10):2569\u20132578","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev"},{"key":"3408_CR30","volume-title":"Global recommendations on physical activity for health","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2010","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2010) Global recommendations on physical activity for health. World Health Organization, Geneva"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Applied Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-016-3408-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00421-016-3408-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-016-3408-9","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-016-3408-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,16]],"date-time":"2020-05-16T13:18:16Z","timestamp":1589635096000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00421-016-3408-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,14]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}},"alternative-id":["3408"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-016-3408-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1439-6319","1439-6327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1439-6319","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-6327","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 April 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 May 2016","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 June 2016","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflict of interests to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}