{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T23:41:27Z","timestamp":1793317287064,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,11]],"date-time":"2017-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510358400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,11]],"date-time":"2017-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Appl Physiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-017-3759-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,11]],"date-time":"2017-11-11T06:05:03Z","timestamp":1510380303000},"page":"175-184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Ultra-shortened time-domain HRV parameters at rest and following exercise in athletes: an alternative to frequency computation of sympathovagal balance"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9470-9680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael R.","family":"Esco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry N.","family":"Williford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew A.","family":"Flatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd J.","family":"Freeborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio Y.","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"3759_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abboud S, Barnea O (1995) Errors due to sampling frequency of electrocardiogram in spectral analysis of heart rate signals with low variability. Comput Cardiol 461\u2013463","DOI":"10.1109\/CIC.1995.482685"},{"key":"3759_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1515\/BMT.2006.034","volume":"51","author":"R Balocchi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Balocchi R, Cantini F, Varanini M, Raimondi G, Lagramante JM, Macerata A (2006) Revisiting the potential of time-domain indexes in short-term HRV analysis. Biomed Tech 51:190\u2013193","journal-title":"Biomed Tech"},{"key":"3759_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2013.00026","volume":"4","author":"GE Billman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Billman GE (2013) The LF\/HF ratio does not accurately measure cardiac sympatho-vagal balance. Front Physiol 4:26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2013.00026","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"3759_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00073","volume":"5","author":"M Buchheit","year":"2014","unstructured":"Buchheit M (2014) Monitoring training status with HR measures: do all roads lead to Rome? Front Physiol 5:73. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2014.00073","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"3759_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H133","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00062.2007","volume":"293","author":"M Buchheit","year":"2007","unstructured":"Buchheit M, Laursen PB, Ahmaidi S (2007) Parasympathetic reactivation after repeated sprint exercise. Am J Physiol Heart CircPhysiol 293:H133\u2013H141","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart CircPhysiol"},{"key":"3759_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e31815aa2ee","volume":"40","author":"M Buchheit","year":"2008","unstructured":"Buchheit M, Millet GP, Parisy A, Pourchez S, Laursen PB, Ahmaidi S (2008) Supramaximal training and postexercise parasympathetic reactivation in adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc 40:362\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/mss.0b013e31815aa2ee","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"3759_CR7","first-page":"491","volume":"56","author":"A Cataldo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cataldo A, Zangla D, Cerasola D, Vallone V, Grusso G, Lo Presti R, Traina M (2016) J Sports Med Phys Fitness 56:491\u2013496","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"key":"3759_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/36\/9\/1827","volume":"36","author":"RJ Ellis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ellis RJ, Zhu B, Koenig J, Thayer JF, Wang Y (2015) A careful look at ECG sampling frequency and R-peak interpolation on short-term measures of heart-rate variability. Physiol Meas 36:1827\u20131852","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"key":"3759_CR9","first-page":"535","volume":"13","author":"MR Esco","year":"2014","unstructured":"Esco MR, Flatt AA (2014) Ultra-short-term heart rate variability indexes at rest and post-exercise in athletes: evaluating the agreement with accepted recommendations. J Sports Sci Med 13:535\u2013541","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"key":"3759_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1569342","volume":"37","author":"MR Esco","year":"2016","unstructured":"Esco MR, Flatt AA, Nakamura FY (2016) Initial weekly HRV response is related to the prospective change in VO2max in female soccer players. Int J Sports Med 37:436\u2013441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0035-1569342","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"3759_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001519","volume":"31","author":"MR Esco","year":"2017","unstructured":"Esco MR, Flatt AA, Nakamura FY (2017b) Agreement between a smartphone pulse sensor application and electrocardiography for determining lnRMSSD. J Strength Cond Res 31:380\u2013385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001519","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"3759_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12233","volume":"36","author":"AA Flatt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Flatt AA, Esco MR (2016a) Heart rate variability stabilization in athletes: toward more convenient data acquisition. Clin Physiol Funct Imagining 36:331\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cpf.12233","journal-title":"Clin Physiol Funct Imagining"},{"key":"3759_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001095","volume":"30","author":"AA Flatt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Flatt AA, Esco MR (2016b) Evaluating individual training adaptation with smartphone-derived heart rate variability in a collegiate female soccer team. J Strength Cond Res 30:378\u2013385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001095","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"3759_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001482","volume":"31","author":"AA Flatt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Flatt AA, Esco MR, Nakamura FY (2017a) Individual heart rate variability responses to preseason training in high level female soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 31:531\u2013538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001482","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"3759_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2016.10.017","volume":"20","author":"AA Flatt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Flatt AA, Hornikel B, Esco MR (2017b) Heart rate variability and psychometric responses to overload and tapering in collegiate sprint-swimmers. J Sci Med Sport 20:606\u2013610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsams.2016.10.017","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"3759_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-008-0930-4","author":"S Goulopoulou","year":"2009","unstructured":"Goulopoulou S, Fernhall B, Kanaley JA (2009) Hemodynamic responses and linear and non-linear dynamics of cardiovascular autonomic regulation following supramaximal exercise. Eur J ApplPhysiol 105:525\u2013531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-008-0930-4","journal-title":"Eur J ApplPhysiol"},{"key":"3759_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200030010-00001","volume":"30","author":"WG Hopkins","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hopkins WG (2000) Measures of reliability in sports medicine and science. Sports Med 30:1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00007256-200030010-00001","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"3759_CR18","unstructured":"Hopkins WG (2002) A scale of magnitudes for effect statistics. A new view of statistics. http:\/\/www.sportsci.org\/resource\/stats\/effectmag.html"},{"key":"3759_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000018124.01299.AE","volume":"105","author":"F Iallamo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Iallamo F, Legramante JM, Pigozzi F, Spataro A, Norbiato G, Lucini D, Pagani M (2002) Conversion from vagal to sympathetic predominance with strenuous training in high-performance world class athletes. Circulation 105:2719\u20132724","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"3759_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2002000800018","volume":"35","author":"M Javorka","year":"2002","unstructured":"Javorka M, Zila I, Balharek T, Javorka K (2002) Heart rate recovery after exercise: relations to heart rate variability and complexity. Braz J Med Biol Res 35:991\u20131000","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"key":"3759_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1549854","volume":"36","author":"AM Kiviniemi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kiviniemi AM, Tulppo MP, Eskelinen JJ, Savolainen AM, Kapanen J, Heinonen IH, Hautala AJ, Hannukainen JC, Kalliokoski KK (2015) Autonomic function predicts fitness response to short-term high-intensity interval training. Int J Sports Med 36:915\u2013921. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0035-1549854","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"3759_CR22","unstructured":"Mahdiani S, Jeyhani V, Peltokangas M, Vehkaoja A (2015) Is 50 Hz high enough for ECG samply frequency for accurate HRV analysis?. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med BiolSoc 5948\u20135951"},{"key":"3759_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-0961.2003.00523.x","volume":"24","author":"L Mourot","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mourot L, Bouhaddi M, Perrey S, Cappelle S, Henriet MT, Wolf JP, Rouillon JD, Regnard J (2004) Decrease in heart rate variability with overtraining: assessment by the Poincare plot analysis. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 24:10\u201318","journal-title":"Clin Physiol Funct Imaging"},{"key":"3759_CR24","first-page":"602","volume":"14","author":"FY Nakamura","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nakamura FY, Flatt AA, Pereira LA, Ramirez-Campillo R, Loturco I, Esco MR (2015) Ultra-short-term heart rate variability is sensitive to training effects in team sports players. J Sports Sci Med 14:602\u2013605","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"key":"3759_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-474X.2011.00417.x","volume":"16","author":"U Nussinovitch","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nussinovitch U, Elishkevitz KP, Katz K, Nussinovitch M, Segev S, Volovitz B, Nussinovitch N (2011) Reliability of ultra-short ECG indices for heart rate variability. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 16:117\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1542-474X.2011.00417.x","journal-title":"Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol"},{"issue":"3 Pt 2","key":"3759_CR26","first-page":"H946-950","volume":"275","author":"H Otzenberger","year":"1998","unstructured":"Otzenberger H, Gronfier C, Simon C, Charloux A, Ehrhart J, Piguard F, Brandenberger G (1998) Dynamic heart rate variability: a tool for exploring sympathovagal balance continuously during sleep in men. Am J Physiol 275(3 Pt 2):H946-950","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"3759_CR27","first-page":"S383-S385","volume":"2","author":"M Pagani","year":"1984","unstructured":"Pagani M, Lonbardi F, Guzzetti S, Sandrone G, Rimoldi O, Malfatto G, Cerutti S, Malliani A (1984) Power spectral density of heart rate variability as an index of sympatho-vagal interaction in normal hypertensive subjects. J HypertensSuppl 2:S383-S385","journal-title":"J HypertensSuppl"},{"key":"3759_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000159139.29220.9A","volume":"37","author":"A Parekh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Parekh A, Lee CM (2005) Heart rate variability after isocaloric exercise bouts of different intensities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37:599\u2013605","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"3759_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S282-8","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2012.691116","volume":"14","author":"D Saboul","year":"2014","unstructured":"Saboul D, Pialoux V, Hautier C (2014) The breathing effect of the LF\/HF ratio in the heart rate variability measurements of athletes. Eur J Sport Sci 14(Suppl 1):S282-8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17461391.2012.691116","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"3759_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2015.1004373","volume":"16","author":"D Saboul","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saboul D, Balducci P, Millet G, Pialoux V, Hautier C (2016) A pilot study on quantification of training load: The use of HRV in training practice. Eur J Sport Sci 16:172\u2013181","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"3759_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salahuddin L, Cho J, Jeong MG, Kim D (2007) Ultra short term analysis of heart rate variability for monitoring mental stress in mobile settings. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med BiolSoc 4656\u20134659","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2007.4353378"},{"key":"3759_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e318060f17d","volume":"39","author":"S Seiler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Seiler S, Haugen O, Kuffel E (2007) Autonomic recovery after exercise in trained athletes: intensity and duration effects. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39:1366\u20131373","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"3759_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000337","volume":"27","author":"A Senthinathan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Senthinathan A, Mainwaring LM, Hutchison M (2017) heart rate variability of athletes across concussion recovery milestones: a preliminary study. Clin J Sport Med 27:288\u2013295","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"3759_CR34","first-page":"158","volume":"43","author":"JJ Sollers 3rd","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sollers JJ 3rd, Buchanan TW, Mowrer SM, Hill LK, Thayer JF (2007) Comparison of the ratio of the standard deviation of the R-R interval and the root mean squared successive differences SD\/rMSSD) to the low frequency-to-high frequency (LF\/HF) ratio in a patient population and normal healthy controls. Biomed Sci Instrum 43:158\u2013163","journal-title":"Biomed Sci Instrum"},{"key":"3759_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2013.07.024","volume":"113","author":"MP Tarvainen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tarvainen MP, Niskanen JP, Lipponen JA, Ranta-aho PO, Karjalainen PA (2014) Kubios HRV\u2014heart rate variability analysis software. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 113:210\u2013220","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"key":"3759_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.93.5.1043","volume":"93","author":"Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology","year":"1996","unstructured":"Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology (1996) Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Circulation 93:1043\u20131065","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"3759_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang HM, Huang SC (2012) SDNN\/RMSSD as a surrogate for LF\/HF: a revised investigation. Model Simulat Eng 16: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/931943","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/931943"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Applied Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00421-017-3759-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-017-3759-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-017-3759-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]],"date-time":"2021-02-11T15:52:11Z","timestamp":1613058731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00421-017-3759-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,11]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["3759"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-017-3759-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1439-6319","1439-6327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1439-6319","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-6327","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 June 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 October 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 November 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The study was approved by The University of Alabama\u2019s Institutional Review Board.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The research involved human participants. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Research involving human and animal participants"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}