{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:16:27Z","timestamp":1790745387307,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,30]],"date-time":"2020-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590796800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,30]],"date-time":"2020-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Appl Physiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A predominance of parasympathetic drive is observed following cold exposure. Such modulation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is associated with faster post-exercise recovery. Within this context, whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) has been spreading in sport medicine, though the optimal temperature and frequency are unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of different cryotherapy conditions on the sympathovagal balance.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Forty healthy males were randomly assigned into five different groups (\u2212\u2009110\u00a0\u00b0C, \u2212\u200960\u00a0\u00b0C, \u2212\u200910\u00a0\u00b0C, control temperature [\u2243\u200924\u00a0\u00b0C]) and undertook 5 WBC sessions over 5 consecutive days. Cardiac autonomic activity was assessed through heart rate variability (HRV) using power density of high frequency (HF), root-mean square difference of successive R\u2013R intervals (RMSSD) and sympathovagal balance (LF\/HF). Systemic sympathetic activity was assessed via circulating blood catecholamines.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Mean weekly RMSSD (pre: 48\u2009\u00b1\u200922\u00a0ms, post: 68\u2009\u00b1\u200929\u00a0ms) and HF (pre: 607\u2009\u00b1\u2009692\u00a0ms<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, post: 1271\u2009\u00b1\u20091180\u00a0ms<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) increased (<jats:italic>p\u2009<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u20090.05) from pre to post WBC, only in the \u2212\u2009110\u00a0\u00b0C condition. A rise in plasma norepinephrine was found after the first \u2212\u2009110\u00a0\u00b0C WBC session only (pre: 173\u2009\u00b1\u200998, post: 352\u2009\u00b1\u2009231\u00a0ng\u00a0L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>p\u2009<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u20090.01); whereas, it was not significant after the 5th session (pre: 161\u2009\u00b1\u2009120, post: 293\u2009\u00b1\u2009245\u00a0ng\u00a0L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>p\u2009<\/jats:italic>=\u20090.15).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>These results suggest that one \u2212\u2009110\u00a0\u00b0C WBC exposure is required to stimulate the ANS. After five daily exposures, a lower autonomic response was recorded compared to day one, therefore suggesting the development of physiological habituation to WBC.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-020-04406-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,30]],"date-time":"2020-05-30T19:02:24Z","timestamp":1590865344000},"page":"1733-1743","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["The use of whole-body cryotherapy: time- and dose-response investigation on circulating blood catecholamines and heart rate variability"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9109-0958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julien","family":"Louis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitri","family":"Theurot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Robert","family":"Filliard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marielle","family":"Volondat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benoit","family":"Dugu\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Dupuy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"4406_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2008.10.003","volume":"34","author":"G Banfi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Banfi G, Melegati G, Barassi A et al (2009) Effects of whole-body cryotherapy on serum mediators of inflammation and serum muscle enzymes in athletes. J Therm Biol 34:55\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2008.10.003","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"key":"4406_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OAJSM.S41655","author":"C Bleakley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bleakley C, Bieuzen F, Davison G, Costello J (2014) Whole-body cryotherapy: empirical evidence and theoretical perspectives. Open Access J Sports Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/OAJSM.S41655","journal-title":"Open Access J Sports Med"},{"key":"4406_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00456","author":"N Bourdillon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bourdillon N, Schmitt L, Yazdani S et al (2017) Minimal window duration for accurate HRV recording in athletes. Front Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2017.00456","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"4406_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093494.33","author":"R Bouzigon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bouzigon R, Ravier G, Dugu\u00e9 B, Grappe F (2014) The use of whole-body cryostimulation to improve the quality of sleep in athletes during high level standard competitions. Br J Sports Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093494.33","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"4406_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2017.01.014","volume":"65","author":"S Cuttell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cuttell S, Hammond L, Langdon D, Costello J (2017) Individualising the exposure of \u2212\u2009110\u00b0C whole body cryotherapy: the effects of sex and body composition. J Therm Biol 65:41\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2017.01.014","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4406_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2018.1551937","volume":"19","author":"W Douzi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Douzi W, Dupuy O, Tanneau M et al (2019a) 3-min whole body cryotherapy\/cryostimulation after training in the evening improves sleep quality in physically active men. Eur J Sport Sci 19(6):860\u2013867. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17461391.2018.1551937","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"4406_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4172-9","volume":"12","author":"W Douzi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Douzi W, Dupuy O, Theurot D et al (2019b) Partial-body cryostimulation after training improves sleep quality in professional soccer players. BMC Res Notes 12:141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13104-019-4172-9","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"4406_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2281.2000.00235.x","volume":"20","author":"B Dugu\u00e9","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dugu\u00e9 B, Leppanen E (2000) Adaptation related to cytokines in man: effects of regular swimming in ice-cold water. Clin Physiol 20:114\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2281.2000.00235.x","journal-title":"Clin Physiol"},{"key":"4406_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00403","volume":"9","author":"O Dupuy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dupuy O, Douzi W, Theurot D et al (2018) An evidence-based approach for choosing post-exercise recovery techniques to reduce markers of muscle damage, soreness, fatigue, and inflammation: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Front Physiol 9:403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2018.00403","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"4406_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2014.04.001","volume":"42","author":"B Fonda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fonda B, De Nardi M, Sarabon N (2014) Effects of whole-body cryotherapy duration on thermal and cardio-vascular response. J Therm Biol 42:52\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2014.04.001","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"key":"4406_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1586\/1744666X.2014.870036","volume":"10","author":"X Guillot","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guillot X, Tordi N, Mourot L et al (2014) Cryotherapy in inflammatory rheumatic diseases: a systematic review. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 10:281\u2013294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/1744666X.2014.870036","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"key":"4406_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e72658","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072658","volume":"8","author":"C Hausswirth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hausswirth C, Schaal K, Le Meur Y et al (2013) Parasympathetic activity and blood catecholamine responses following a single partial-body cryostimulation and a whole-body cryostimulation. PLoS ONE 8:e72658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0072658","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4406_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2010.04.021","volume":"174","author":"PD Larsen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Larsen PD, Tzeng YC, Sin PYW, Galletly DC (2010) Respiratory sinus arrhythmia in conscious humans during spontaneous respiration. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 174:111\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resp.2010.04.021","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"4406_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182980125","volume":"45","author":"Y Le Meur","year":"2013","unstructured":"Le Meur Y, Pichon A, Schaal K et al (2013) Evidence of parasympathetic hyperactivity in functionally overreached athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 45:2061\u20132071. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182980125","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"4406_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.90.4.1211","volume":"90","author":"J Lepp\u00e4luoto","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lepp\u00e4luoto J, Korhonen I, Hassi J (2001) Habituation of thermal sensations, skin temperatures, and norepinephrine in men exposed to cold air. J Appl Physiol 90:1211\u20131218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.2001.90.4.1211","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"4406_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/00365510701516350","volume":"68","author":"J Lepp\u00e4luoto","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lepp\u00e4luoto J, Westerlund T, Huttunen P et al (2008) Effects of long-term whole-body cold exposures on plasma concentrations of ACTH, beta-endorphin, cortisol, catecholamines and cytokines in healthy females. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 68:145\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00365510701516350","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"key":"4406_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0124776","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124776","volume":"10","author":"J Louis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Louis J, Schaal K, Bieuzen F et al (2015) Head exposure to cold during whole-body cryostimulation: influence on thermal response and autonomic modulation. PLoS ONE 10:e0124776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0124776","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4406_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/v10001-010-0037-0","author":"A Lubkowska","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lubkowska A, Szygu\u0142a Z (2010) Changes in blood pressure with compensatory heart rate decrease and in the level of aerobic capacity in response to repeated whole-body cryostimulation in normotensive, young and physically active men. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/v10001-010-0037-0","journal-title":"Int J Occup Med Environ Health"},{"key":"4406_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.2235.2008","volume":"79","author":"TM M\u00e4kinen","year":"2008","unstructured":"M\u00e4kinen TM, M\u00e4ntysaari M, P\u00e4\u00e4kk\u00f6nen T et al (2008) Autonomic nervous function during whole-body cold exposure before and after cold acclimation. Aviat Space Environ Med 79:875\u2013882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3357\/ASEM.2235.2008","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"4406_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R33","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/33\/3\/R33","volume":"33","author":"EFJ Ring","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ring EFJ, Ammer K (2012) Infrared thermal imaging in medicine. Physiol Meas 33:R33\u2013R46. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0967-3334\/33\/3\/R33","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"key":"4406_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2012-0155","volume":"38","author":"K Schaal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schaal K, Le Meur Y, Bieuzen F et al (2013) Effect of recovery mode on postexercise vagal reactivation in elite synchronized swimmers. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 38:126\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/apnm-2012-0155","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"key":"4406_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e86420","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086420","volume":"9","author":"J Selfe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Selfe J, Alexander J, Costello JT et al (2014) The effect of three different (-135\u00b0c) whole body cryotherapy exposure durations on elite rugby league players. PLoS ONE 9:e86420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0086420","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4406_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2004.06.007","volume":"82","author":"J Smolander","year":"2004","unstructured":"Smolander J, Mikkelsson M, Oksa J et al (2004) Thermal sensation and comfort in women exposed repeatedly to whole-body cryotherapy and winter swimming in ice-cold water. Physiol Behav 82:691\u2013695. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2004.06.007","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"4406_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2003.08.006","volume":"28","author":"T Westerlund","year":"2003","unstructured":"Westerlund T, Oksa J, Smolander J, Mikkelsson M (2003) Thermal responses during and after whole-body cryotherapy (\u2212\u2009110\u00b0C). J Therm Biol 28:601\u2013608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2003.08.006","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"key":"4406_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2004.05.004","volume":"29","author":"T Westerlund","year":"2004","unstructured":"Westerlund T, Smolander J, Uusitalo-Koskinen A, Mikkelsson M (2004) The blood pressure responses to an acute and long-term whole-body cryotherapy (\u2212\u2009110\u00b0C) in men and women. J Therm Biol 29:285\u2013290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2004.05.004","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"key":"4406_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2006.01.004","volume":"31","author":"T Westerlund","year":"2006","unstructured":"Westerlund T, Uusitalo A, Smolander J, Mikkelsson M (2006) Heart rate variability in women exposed to very cold air (\u2212\u2009110\u00b0C) during whole-body cryotherapy. J Therm Biol 31:342\u2013346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2006.01.004","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"key":"4406_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2013.03.006","volume":"66","author":"P Zalewski","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zalewski P, Klawe JJ, Pawlak J et al (2013) Thermal and hemodynamic response to whole-body cryostimulation in healthy subjects. Cryobiology 66:295\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2013.03.006","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"4406_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2014.08.001","volume":"45","author":"P Zalewski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zalewski P, Bitner A, S\u0142omko J et al (2014) Whole-body cryostimulation increases parasympathetic outflow and decreases core body temperature. J Therm Biol 45:75\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2014.08.001","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Applied Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-020-04406-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00421-020-04406-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-020-04406-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]],"date-time":"2021-05-29T23:33:13Z","timestamp":1622331193000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00421-020-04406-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,30]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["4406"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-020-04406-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1439-6319","1439-6327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1439-6319","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-6327","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 December 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 May 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 May 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}