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To investigate this, a pain model that produces pain similar to EIP and decouples its relationship to exercise intensity is required. This study (1) compared the quality of pain caused by a hypertonic saline injection into the vastus lateralis in resting and exercise conditions, and (2) investigated whether this pain contributes to changes in time to task failure.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>On separate days, 18 participants completed a time to task failure at 20% maximal voluntary torque (MVT), a resting hypertonic saline intramuscular injection, and in a further three visits a time to task failure at 10% MVT following injection of isotonic saline, hypertonic saline or a control (no injection).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In a subset of eligible participants (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200912), the hypertonic saline combined with 10% MVT produced a qualitative experience of pain (assessed by the McGill Pain Questionnaire) that felt similar to EIP. 10% MVT with hypertonic saline significantly elevated pain intensity in the first 20% of the time to task failure and caused a significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) shorter time to task failure (448\u2009\u00b1\u2009240\u00a0s) compared with the isotonic saline (605\u2009\u00b1\u2009285\u00a0s) and control (514\u2009\u00b1\u2009197\u00a0s) conditions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>These findings demonstrate that hypertonic saline increases the intensity of pain during exercise, which results in a faster occurrence of exercise-induced fatigue. These results provide important evidence supporting pain as a limiting factor in endurance performance.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-020-04425-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T08:36:41Z","timestamp":1593592601000},"page":"2047-2058","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Muscle pain induced by hypertonic saline in the knee extensors decreases single-limb isometric time to task failure"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0833-0878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel A.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7519-3252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominic","family":"Micklewright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7450-1105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha L.","family":"Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6685-5800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis R.","family":"Mauger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"4425_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200838030-00004","volume":"38","author":"CR Abbiss","year":"2008","unstructured":"Abbiss CR, Laursen PB (2008) Describing and understanding pacing strategies during athletic competition. 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