{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T13:31:19Z","timestamp":1747402279053,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Appl Physiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Repeated exposure to remote ischaemic preconditioning (rIPC; short bouts of non-lethal ischaemia) enhances peripheral vascular function within 1\u00a0week; whereas, longer periods of rIPC (~\u20091\u00a0year) may improve cerebral perfusion. Increasing the \u2018dose\u2019 of rIPC may lead to superior effects. Given the similarities between exercise and rIPC, we examined whether adding exercise to the rIPC stimulus leads to greater adaptation in systemic vascular function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nineteen individuals with increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) were randomly allocated to either 8\u00a0weeks of rIPC (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20099) or 8\u00a0weeks of rIPC\u2009+\u2009exercise (rIPC\u2009+\u2009Ex) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200910). rIPC was applied three times per week in both conditions, and exercise consisted of 50\u00a0min (70% heart rate max) of cycling 3 times per week. Peripheral endothelial function was assessed using flow-mediated dilation (FMD) before and after ischaemia\u2013reperfusion (IR). Cerebrovascular function was assessed by dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA) and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR), and cardio-respiratory fitness (<jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>O<jats:sub>2peak<\/jats:sub>) using a maximal aerobic capacity test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>FMD% increased by 1.6% (95% CI, 0.4, 2.8) following rIPC\u2009+\u2009Ex and by 0.3% (\u2212\u00a01.1, 1.5) in the only rIPC but this did not reach statistical significance (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.65). Neither intervention evoked a change in dCA or in CVR (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05).<jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>O<jats:sub>2peak<\/jats:sub>increased by 2.8\u00a0ml\/kg\/min (1.7, 3.9) following the rIPC\u2009+\u2009Ex and by 0.1\u00a0ml\/kg\/min (\u2212\u00a01.0, 1.4) following the rIPC only intervention (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.69).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Combining exercise with rIPC across an 8-week intervention does not lead to superior effects in cerebrovascular and peripheral vascular function compared to a repeated rIPC intervention in individuals at risk of CVD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-020-04580-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T10:44:04Z","timestamp":1611830644000},"page":"1167-1178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Can exercise training enhance the repeated remote ischaemic preconditioning stimulus on peripheral and cerebrovascular function in high-risk individuals?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6454-1864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph D.","family":"Maxwell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madeleine","family":"France","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucy E. M.","family":"Finnigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Howard H.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dick H. J.","family":"Thijssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"4580_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-018-3886-z","volume":"118","author":"Z Aboo Bakkar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aboo Bakkar Z, Fulford J, Gates PE, Jackman SR, Jones AM et al (2018) Prolonged forearm ischemia attenuates endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and plasma nitric oxide metabolites in overweight middle-aged men. Eur J Appl Physiol 118:1565\u20131572","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"4580_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00854.2014","volume":"117","author":"PN Ainslie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ainslie PN, Hoiland RL (2014) Transcranial Doppler ultrasound: valid, invalid, or both? J Appl Physiol (1985) 117:1081\u20131083","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"4580_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artres.2012.05.003","volume":"6","author":"N Akazawa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Akazawa N, Choi Y, Miyaki A, Sugawara J, Ajisaka R, Maeda S (2012) Aerobic exercise training increases cerebral blood flow in postmenopausal women. Artery Res 6:124\u2013129","journal-title":"Artery Res"},{"key":"4580_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180728","volume":"67","author":"AJ Alfini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alfini AJ, Weiss LR, Nielson KA, Verber MD, Smith JC (2019) Resting cerebral blood flow after exercise training in mild cognitive impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 67:671\u2013684","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"4580_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1080\/14017431.2016.1233351","volume":"50","author":"V Anttila","year":"2016","unstructured":"Anttila V, Haapanen H, Yannopoulos F, Herajarvi J, Anttila T, Juvonen T (2016) Review of remote ischemic preconditioning: from laboratory studies to clinical trials. Scand Cardiovasc J 50:355\u2013361","journal-title":"Scand Cardiovasc J"},{"key":"4580_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0272-9","volume":"45","author":"AW Ashor","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ashor AW, Lara J, Siervo M, Celis-Morales C, Oggioni C et al (2015) Exercise modalities and endothelial function: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sports Med 45:279\u2013296","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"4580_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2012.11.027","volume":"226","author":"G Atkinson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Atkinson G, Batterham AM (2013) Allometric scaling of diameter change in the original flow-mediated dilation protocol. Atherosclerosis 226:425\u2013427","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"4580_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-106899","volume":"37","author":"TG Bailey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bailey TG, Cable NT, Miller GD, Sprung VS, Low DA, Jones H (2016) Repeated warm water immersion induces similar cerebrovascular adaptations to 8 weeks of moderate-intensity exercise training in females. Int J Sports Med 37:757\u2013765","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"4580_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10248","volume":"71","author":"JN Barnes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barnes JN, Harvey RE, Miller KB, Jayachandran M, Malterer KR et al (2018) Cerebrovascular reactivity and vascular activation in postmenopausal women with histories of preeclampsia. Hypertension 71:110\u2013117","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"4580_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01489.2011","volume":"112","author":"GK Birk","year":"2012","unstructured":"Birk GK, Dawson EA, Atkinson C, Haynes A, Cable NT et al (2012) Brachial artery adaptation to lower limb exercise training: role of shear stress. J Appl Physiol (1985) 112:1653\u20131658","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"4580_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.101014","volume":"51","author":"MA Black","year":"2008","unstructured":"Black MA, Cable NT, Thijssen DH, Green DJ (2008) Importance of measuring the time course of flow-mediated dilatation in humans. Hypertension 51:203\u2013210","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"4580_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(73)90502-4","volume":"85","author":"RA Bruce","year":"1973","unstructured":"Bruce RA, Kusumi F, Hosmer D (1973) Maximal oxygen intake and nomographic assessment of functional aerobic impairment in cardiovascular disease. Am Heart J 85:546\u2013562","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"4580_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000033","volume":"32","author":"SE Carter","year":"2014","unstructured":"Carter SE, Faulkner A, Rakobowchuk M (2014) The role of prostaglandin and antioxidant availability in recovery from forearm ischemia-reperfusion injury in humans. J Hypertens 32:339\u2013351","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"4580_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-019-04297-1","volume":"120","author":"HH Carter","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carter HH, Maxwell JD, Hellsten Y, Thompson A, Thijssen DHJ, Jones H (2020) The impact of acute remote ischaemic preconditioning on cerebrovascular function. Eur J Appl Physiol 120:603\u2013612","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"4580_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X15626425","volume":"36","author":"JA Claassen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Claassen JA, Meel-van den Abeelen AS, Simpson DM, Panerai RB (2016) Transfer function analysis of dynamic cerebral autoregulation: a white paper from the International Cerebral Autoregulation Research Network. J Cerebl Blood Flow Metab 36:665\u2013680","journal-title":"J Cerebl Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"4580_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drapeau A, Labrecque L, Imhoff S, Paquette M, Le Blanc O, et al. (2019) Dynamic cerebral autoregulation of endurance-trained men following 6 weeks of high-intensity interval training to exhaustion. bioRxiv: 605667","DOI":"10.1101\/605667"},{"key":"4580_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/nbu.12409","volume":"44","author":"H Gibson-Moore","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gibson-Moore H (2019) UK Chief Medical Officers\u2019 physical activity guidelines 2019: What\u2019s new and how can we get people more active? Nutr Bull 44:320\u2013328","journal-title":"Nutr Bull"},{"key":"4580_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00014.2016","volume":"97","author":"DJ Green","year":"2017","unstructured":"Green DJ, Hopman MT, Padilla J, Laughlin MH, Thijssen DH (2017) Vascular adaptation to exercise in humans: role of hemodynamic stimuli. Physiol Rev 97:495\u2013528","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"4580_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3152","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000074229.93804.5C","volume":"107","author":"R Hambrecht","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hambrecht R, Adams V, Erbs S, Linke A, Krankel N et al (2003) Regular physical activity improves endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease by increasing phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circulation 107:3152\u20133158","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"4580_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c180021","volume":"9","author":"RL Hoiland","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hoiland RL, Fisher JA, Ainslie PN (2019) Regulation of the cerebral circulation by arterial carbon dioxide. Compr Physiol 9:1101\u20131154","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"4580_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.607879","volume":"42","author":"FM Ivey","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ivey FM, Ryan AS, Hafer-Macko CE, Macko RF (2011) Improved cerebral vasomotor reactivity after exercise training in hemiparetic stroke survivors. Stroke 42:1994\u20132000","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"4580_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpu004","volume":"27","author":"H Jones","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jones H, Hopkins N, Bailey TG, Green DJ, Cable NT, Thijssen DH (2014) Seven-day remote ischemic preconditioning improves local and systemic endothelial function and microcirculation in healthy humans. Am J Hypertens 27:918\u2013925","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"4580_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487314547657","volume":"22","author":"H Jones","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jones H, Nyakayiru J, Bailey TG, Green DJ, Cable NT et al (2015) Impact of eight weeks of repeated ischaemic preconditioning on brachial artery and cutaneous microcirculatory function in healthy males. Eur J Prev Cardiol 22:1083\u20131087","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"4580_CR24","first-page":"1175","volume":"8","author":"Y Kono","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kono Y, Fukuda S, Hanatani A, Nakanishi K, Otsuka K et al (2014) Remote ischemic conditioning improves coronary microcirculation in healthy subjects and patients with heart failure. Drug Design Dev Ther 8:1175\u20131181","journal-title":"Drug Design Dev Ther"},{"key":"4580_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H380","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00348.2018","volume":"316","author":"N Lewis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lewis N, Gelinas JCM, Ainslie PN, Smirl JD, Agar G et al (2019) Cerebrovascular function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the impact of exercise training. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 316:H380\u2013H391","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"4580_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x20144452","volume":"48","author":"Y Liang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liang Y, Li YP, He F, Liu XQ, Zhang JY (2015) Long-term, regular remote ischemic preconditioning improves endothelial function in patients with coronary heart disease. Braz J Med Biol Res 48:568\u2013576","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"key":"4580_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.814731","volume":"121","author":"SP Loukogeorgakis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Loukogeorgakis SP, van den Berg MJ, Sofat R, Nitsch D, Charakida M et al (2010) Role of NADPH oxidase in endothelial ischemia\/reperfusion injury in humans. Circulation 121:2310\u20132316","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"4580_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000075","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.112.000075","volume":"2","author":"MC Luca","year":"2013","unstructured":"Luca MC, Liuni A, McLaughlin K, Gori T, Parker JD (2013) Daily ischemic preconditioning provides sustained protection from ischemia-reperfusion induced endothelial dysfunction: a human study. J Am Heart Assoc 2:e000075","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"4580_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R828","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00466.2016","volume":"312","author":"MFH Maessen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maessen MFH, van Mil A, Straathof Y, Riksen NP, Rongen G et al (2017) Impact of lifelong exercise training on endothelial ischemia-reperfusion and ischemic preconditioning in humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 312:R828\u2013R834","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"4580_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.3.457","volume":"124","author":"H Markus","year":"2001","unstructured":"Markus H, Cullinane M (2001) Severely impaired cerebrovascular reactivity predicts stroke and TIA risk in patients with carotid artery stenosis and occlusion. Brain 124:457\u2013467","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"6","key":"4580_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-19-0378","volume":"181","author":"JD Maxwell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maxwell JD, Carter HH, Hellsten Y, Miller GD, Sprung VS et al (2019) Seven day remote ischaemic preconditioning improves endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomised pilot study. Eur J Endocrinol 181(6):659\u2013669","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"4580_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318271f76a","volume":"79","author":"R Meng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Meng R, Asmaro K, Meng L, Liu Y, Ma C et al (2012) Upper limb ischemic preconditioning prevents recurrent stroke in intracranial arterial stenosis. Neurology 79:1853\u20131861","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"4580_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0358-6","volume":"12","author":"R Meng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Meng R, Ding Y, Asmaro K, Brogan D, Meng L et al (2015) Ischemic conditioning is safe and effective for octo- and nonagenarians in stroke prevention and treatment. Neurotherapeutics 12:667\u2013677","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"4580_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1159\/000447536","volume":"76","author":"T Mi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mi T, Yu F, Ji X, Sun Y, Qu D (2016) The interventional effect of remote ischemic preconditioning on cerebral small vessel disease: a pilot randomized clinical trial. Eur Neurol 76:28\u201334","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"4580_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01096","volume":"9","author":"KB Miller","year":"2018","unstructured":"Miller KB, Howery AJ, Harvey RE, Eldridge MW, Barnes JN (2018) Cerebrovascular reactivity and central arterial stiffness in habitually exercising healthy adults. Front Physiol 9:1096","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"4580_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-012-9414-x","volume":"35","author":"CJ Murrell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Murrell CJ, Cotter JD, Thomas KN, Lucas SJ, Williams MJ, Ainslie PN (2013) Cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular reactivity at rest and during sub-maximal exercise: effect of age and 12-week exercise training. Age (Dordr) 35:905\u2013920","journal-title":"Age (Dordr)"},{"issue":"4","key":"4580_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1177\/1074248417710151","volume":"22","author":"K Przyklenk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Przyklenk K, Whittaker P (2017) The future of remote ischemic conditioning. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 22(4):295\u2013296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1074248417710151","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"4580_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.87.3.893","volume":"87","author":"K Przyklenk","year":"1993","unstructured":"Przyklenk K, Bauer B, Ovize M, Kloner RA, Whittaker P (1993) Regional ischemic \u201cpreconditioning\u201d protects remote virgin myocardium from subsequent sustained coronary occlusion. Circulation 87:893\u2013899","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"4580_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E50","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00055.2013","volume":"305","author":"CJ Pugh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pugh CJ, Cuthbertson DJ, Sprung VS, Kemp GJ, Richardson P et al (2013) Exercise training improves cutaneous microvascular function in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 305:E50\u2013E58","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"4580_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55385","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055385","volume":"8","author":"M Rakobowchuk","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rakobowchuk M, Parsloe ER, Gibbins SE, Harris E, Birch KM (2013) Prolonged low flow reduces reactive hyperemia and augments low flow mediated constriction in the brachial artery independent of the menstrual cycle. PLoS ONE 8:e55385","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4580_CR41","first-page":"246","volume":"27","author":"GM Rubanyi","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rubanyi GM, Freay AD, Kauser K, Johns A, Harder DR (1990) Mechanoreception by the endothelium: mediators and mechanisms of pressure- and flow-induced vascular responses. Blood Vessels 27:246\u2013257","journal-title":"Blood Vessels"},{"key":"4580_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00024.2016","volume":"121","author":"BJ Sawyer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sawyer BJ, Tucker WJ, Bhammar DM, Ryder JR, Sweazea KL, Gaesser GA (2016) Effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on endothelial function and cardiometabolic risk markers in obese adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 121:279\u2013288","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"4580_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-014-3006-7","volume":"115","author":"THA Schreuder","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schreuder THA, Green DJ, Nyakayiru J, Hopman MTE, Thijssen DHJ (2015) Time-course of vascular adaptations during 8 weeks of exercise training in subjects with type 2 diabetes and middle-aged controls. Eur J Appl Physiol 115:187\u2013196","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"4580_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487314558377","volume":"23","author":"JP Seeger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Seeger JP, Benda NM, Riksen NP, van Dijk AP, Bellersen L et al (2016) Heart failure is associated with exaggerated endothelial ischaemia-reperfusion injury and attenuated effect of ischaemic preconditioning. Eur J Prev Cardiol 23:33\u201340","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"4580_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12269","volume":"23","author":"G Shaked","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shaked G, Czeiger D, Abu Arar A, Katz T, Harman-Boehm I, Sebbag G (2015) Intermittent cycles of remote ischemic preconditioning augment diabetic foot ulcer healing. Wound Repair Regen 23:191\u2013196","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen"},{"key":"4580_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.246918","volume":"591","author":"VS Sprung","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sprung VS, Cuthbertson DJ, Pugh CJ, Daousi C, Atkinson G et al (2013) Nitric oxide-mediated cutaneous microvascular function is impaired in polycystic ovary sydrome but can be improved by exercise training. J Physiol 591:1475\u20131487","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"4580_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2004.08.044","volume":"103","author":"D Tanne","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tanne D, Freimark D, Poreh A, Merzeliak O, Bruck B et al (2005) Cognitive functions in severe congestive heart failure before and after an exercise training program. Int J Cardiol 103:145\u2013149","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"4580_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1113\/EP085566","volume":"101","author":"DH Thijssen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thijssen DH, Maxwell J, Green DJ, Cable NT, Jones H (2016) Repeated ischaemic preconditioning: a novel therapeutic intervention and potential underlying mechanisms. Exp Physiol 101:677\u2013692","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"4580_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2017.4495","volume":"3","author":"DHJ Thijssen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thijssen DHJ, Redington A, George KP, Hopman MTE, Jones H (2018) Association of exercise preconditioning with immediate cardioprotection: a review. JAMA Cardiol 3:169\u2013176","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"4580_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00264","volume":"10","author":"DHJ Thijssen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thijssen DHJ, Benda NMM, Kerstens TP, Seeger JPH, van Dijk APJ, Hopman MTE (2019a) 12-week exercise training, independent of the type of exercise, attenuates endothelial ischaemia-reperfusion injury in heart failure patients. Front Physiol 10:264","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"4580_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz350","volume":"40","author":"DHJ Thijssen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thijssen DHJ, Bruno RM, van Mil ACCM, Holder SM, Faita F et al (2019b) Expert consensus and evidence-based recommendations for the assessment of flow-mediated dilation in humans. Eur Heart J 40:2534\u20132547","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"4580_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.146282","volume":"55","author":"TM Tinken","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tinken TM, Thijssen DH, Hopkins N, Dawson EA, Cable NT, Green DJ (2010) Shear stress mediates endothelial adaptations to exercise training in humans. Hypertension 55:312\u2013318","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"4580_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1727","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00054.2013","volume":"304","author":"I van den Munckhof","year":"2013","unstructured":"van den Munckhof I, Riksen N, Seeger JP, Schreuder TH, Borm GF et al (2013) Aging attenuates the protective effect of ischemic preconditioning against endothelial ischemia-reperfusion injury in humans. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 304:H1727\u2013H1732","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"4580_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001012","volume":"34","author":"AC van Mil","year":"2016","unstructured":"van Mil AC, Greyling A, Zock PL, Geleijnse JM, Hopman MT et al (2016) Impact of volunteer-related and methodology-related factors on the reproducibility of brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation: analysis of 672 individual repeated measurements. J Hypertens 34:1738\u20131745","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"4580_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3064","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.017691","volume":"48","author":"Y Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang Y, Meng R, Song H, Liu G, Hua Y et al (2017) Remote ischemic conditioning may improve outcomes of patients with cerebral small-vessel disease. Stroke 48:3064\u20133072","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"4580_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2011.01.011","volume":"196","author":"CK Willie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Willie CK, Colino FL, Bailey DM, Tzeng YC, Binsted G et al (2011) Utility of transcranial Doppler ultrasound for the integrative assessment of cerebrovascular function. J Neurosci Methods 196:221\u2013237","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"4580_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.91.2.929","volume":"91","author":"RJ Woodman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Woodman RJ, Playford DA, Watts GF, Cheetham C, Reed C et al (2001) Improved analysis of brachial artery ultrasound using a novel edge-detection software system. J Appl Physiol (1985) 91:929\u2013937","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"4580_CR58","first-page":"A16151","volume":"124","author":"Y-S Zhu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhu Y-S, Parker R, Tseng B, Van Erkelens A, Coles G et al (2011) Abstract 16151: exercise training decreases arterial stiffness and improves brain perfusion in sedentary elderly women. Circulation 124:A16151\u2013A16251","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Applied Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-020-04580-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00421-020-04580-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-020-04580-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T18:38:15Z","timestamp":1670956695000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00421-020-04580-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["4580"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-020-04580-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1439-6319","1439-6327"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1439-6319"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1439-6327"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 March 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 November 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 January 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}