{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T20:21:23Z","timestamp":1783455683383,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620604800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/P504385\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/P504385\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Appl Physiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n Cocoa flavanols (CF) may exert health benefits through their potent vasodilatory effects, which are perpetuated by elevations in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. These vasodilatory effects may contribute to improved delivery of blood and oxygen (O2<\/jats:sub>) to exercising muscle.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine how CF supplementation impacts pulmonary O2<\/jats:sub> uptake ($$\\dot{V}{\\text{O}}_{2}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n V<\/mml:mi>\n \u02d9<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mover>\n \n O<\/mml:mtext>\n 2<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>) kinetics and exercise tolerance in sedentary middle-aged adults.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n Methods<\/jats:title>\n We employed a double-blind cross-over, placebo-controlled design whereby 17 participants (11 male, 6 female; mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD, 45\u2009\u00b1\u20096\u00a0years) randomly received either 7\u00a0days of daily CF (400\u00a0mg) or placebo (PL) supplementation. On day 7, participants completed a series of \u2018step\u2019 moderate- and severe-intensity exercise tests for the determination of $$\\dot{V}{\\text{O}}_{2}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n V<\/mml:mi>\n \u02d9<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mover>\n \n O<\/mml:mtext>\n 2<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> kinetics.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n Results<\/jats:title>\n During moderate-intensity exercise, the time constant of the phase II $$\\dot{V}{\\text{O}}_{2}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n V<\/mml:mi>\n \u02d9<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mover>\n \n O<\/mml:mtext>\n 2<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> kinetics ($$\\tau \\dot{V}{\\text{O}}_{2}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \u03c4<\/mml:mi>\n \n V<\/mml:mi>\n \u02d9<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mover>\n \n O<\/mml:mtext>\n 2<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>) was decreased by 15% in CF as compared to PL (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD; PL 40\u2009\u00b1\u200912\u00a0s vs. CF 34\u2009\u00b1\u20099\u00a0s, P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.019), with no differences in the amplitude of $$\\dot{V}{\\text{O}}_{2}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n V<\/mml:mi>\n \u02d9<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mover>\n \n O<\/mml:mtext>\n 2<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> (A<\/jats:italic>$$\\dot{V}{\\text{O}}_{2}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n V<\/mml:mi>\n \u02d9<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mover>\n \n O<\/mml:mtext>\n 2<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>; PL 0.77\u2009\u00b1\u20090.32\u00a0l\u00a0min\u22121<\/jats:sup> vs. CF 0.79\u2009\u00b1\u20090.34\u00a0l\u00a0min\u22121<\/jats:sup>, P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.263). However, during severe-intensity exercise, $$\\tau \\dot{V}{\\text{O}}_{2}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \u03c4<\/mml:mi>\n \n V<\/mml:mi>\n \u02d9<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mover>\n \n O<\/mml:mtext>\n 2<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>, the amplitude of the slow component ($${\\text{SC}}\\dot{V}{\\text{O}}_{2}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n SC<\/mml:mtext>\n \n V<\/mml:mi>\n \u02d9<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mover>\n \n O<\/mml:mtext>\n 2<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>) and exercise tolerance (PL 435\u2009\u00b1\u200958\u00a0s vs. CF 424\u2009\u00b1\u200947\u00a0s, P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.480) were unchanged between conditions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Our data show that acute CF supplementation enhanced $$\\dot{V}{\\text{O}}_{2}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n V<\/mml:mi>\n \u02d9<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mover>\n \n O<\/mml:mtext>\n 2<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> kinetics during moderate-, but not severe-intensity exercise in middle-aged participants. These novel effects of CFs, in this demographic, may contribute to improved tolerance of moderate-activity physical activities, which appear commonly present in daily life.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n Registered under ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier no. NCT04370353, 30\/04\/20 retrospectively registered<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-021-04682-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T06:02:36Z","timestamp":1620626556000},"page":"2285-2294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Cocoa-flavanols enhance moderate-intensity pulmonary $$\\dot{V}{\\text{O}}_{2}$$ kinetics but not exercise tolerance in sedentary middle-aged adults"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Daniel G.","family":"Sadler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Draijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire E.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Marwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7707-5567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dick H. 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Sadler, Claire E. Stewart, Helen Jones, Simon Marwood and Dick H. J. Thijssen had no conflict of interest associated with this manuscript. Richard Draijer is employed by Unilever R & D Vlaardingen, The Netherlands. The results of the study are presented clearly, honestly, and without fabrication, falsification, or inappropriate data manipulation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures conformed to the Declaration of Helsinki and were approved by Liverpool John Moores University Research Ethics Committee (approval reference number: 18\/SPS\/014).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"All participants volunteered and gave written informed consent to participate in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors provided final approval of the version to be published and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}