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We hypothesized that, under atropine, the <jats:italic>\u03c6<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> amplitude (<jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>) for HR would reduce to nil, whereas the <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> for CO would still be positive, due to the sudden increase in stroke volume (SV) at exercise onset.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>On nine young non-smoking men, during 0\u201380\u00a0W exercise transients of 5-min duration on the cycle ergometer, preceded by 5-min rest, we continuously recorded HR, CO, SV and oxygen uptake (<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$ \\dot{V} $$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                    <mml:mover>\n                      <mml:mi>V<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mo>\u02d9<\/mml:mo>\n                    <\/mml:mover>\n                  <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) upright and supine, in control condition and after full vagal blockade with atropine. Kinetics were analysed with the double exponential model, wherein we computed the amplitudes (<jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>) and time constants (<jats:italic>\u03c4<\/jats:italic>) of phase 1 (<jats:italic>\u03c6<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>) and phase 2 (<jats:italic>\u03c6<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In atropine versus control, <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> for HR was strongly reduced and fell to 0\u00a0bpm in seven out of nine subjects for HR was practically suppressed by atropine in them. The <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> for CO was lower in atropine, but not reduced to nil. Thus, SV only determined <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> for CO in atropine. <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> did not differ between control and atropine. No effect on <jats:italic>\u03c4<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>\u03c4<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> was found. These patterns were independent of posture.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The results are fully compatible with the tested hypothesis. They provide the first direct demonstration that vagal blockade, while suppressing HR <jats:italic>\u03c6<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>, did not affect <jats:italic>\u03c6<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> of CO.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-021-04769-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,14]],"date-time":"2021-08-14T08:03:01Z","timestamp":1628928181000},"page":"3173-3187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Vagal blockade suppresses the phase I heart rate response but not the phase I cardiac output response at exercise onset in humans"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4140-4234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timoth\u00e9e","family":"Fontolliet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aur\u00e9lien","family":"Bringard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1917-9296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Adami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nazzareno","family":"Fagoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Tam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Taboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Ferretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"4769_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2014.01.007","volume":"193","author":"A Adami","year":"2014","unstructured":"Adami A, Fagoni N, Ferretti G (2014) The Q\u02d9-V\u02d9O2 diagram: an analytical interpretation of oxygen transport in arterial blood during exercise in humans. 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