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The aims of the present study were to investigate the influence of vision on mechanical efficiency during slow, horizontal, constant-speed walking, and to determine whether any vision influence is modified by load carriage.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Each subject (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915) walked (3.3\u00a0km\/h) for 10\u00a0min on a treadmill in four different conditions: (1) full vision, no carried load, (2) no vision, no carried load, (3) full vision with a 25.5-kg rucksack, (4) no vision with a 25.5-kg rucksack.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Oxygen uptake was 0.94\u2009\u00b1\u20090.12\u00a0l\/min in condition (1), 1.15\u2009\u00b1\u20090.20\u00a0l\/min in (2), 1.15\u2009\u00b1\u20090.12\u00a0l\/min in (3) and 1.35\u2009\u00b1\u20090.19\u00a0l\/min in (4). Thus, lack of vision increased oxygen uptake by about 19%. Analyses of movement pattern, by use of optical markers attached to the limbs and torso, revealed considerably shorter step length (12 and 10%) in the no vision (2 and 4) than full vision conditions (1 and 3). No vision conditions (2 and 4) increased step width by 6 and 6%, and increased vertical foot clearance by 20 and 16% compared to full vision conditions (1 and 3).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The results suggest that vision has a marked influence on mechanical efficiency even during entrained, repetitive movements performed on an obstacle-free horizontal surface under highly predictable conditions.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-022-04914-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T11:03:14Z","timestamp":1646218994000},"page":"1231-1237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effects of vision on energy expenditure and kinematics during level walking"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9738-9320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ola","family":"Eiken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5930-2159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor B.","family":"Mekjavic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1870-8264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Babi\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6708-1528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulf","family":"Danielsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Hallberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7574-3517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stylianos N.","family":"Kounalakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"4914_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9290(00)00101-9","volume":"33","author":"CE Bauby","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bauby CE, Kuo AD (2000) Active control of lateral balance in human walking. 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