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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) rules neuronal connectivity\/metabolism to maintain cognitive function and protect tissues against oxidative stress (OxS). Dopamine and glutamate enhance BDNF bioavailability. Thus, we hypothesized that lower circulating BDNF levels (via lessened dopamine and\/or glutamate release) underpin IGN in divers, while testing if BDNF loss is associated with increased OxS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To mimic IGN, we administered a deep narcosis test via a dry dive test (DDT) at 48\u00a0msw in a multiplace hyperbaric chamber to six well-trained divers. We collected: (1) saliva samples before DDT (T0), 25\u00a0msw (descending, T1), 48\u00a0msw (depth, T2), 25\u00a0msw (ascending, T3), 10\u00a0min after decompression (T4) to dopamine and\/or reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels; (2) blood and urine samples at T0 and T4 for OxS too. We administered cognitive tests at T0, T2, and re-evaluated the divers at T4.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At 48 msw, all subjects experienced IGN, as revealed by the cognitive test failure. Dopamine and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) reached a nadir at T2 when ROS emission was maximal. At decompression (T4), a marked drop of BDNF\/glutamate content was evidenced, coinciding with a persisting decline in dopamine and cognitive capacity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Divers encounter IGN at \u2013 48\u00a0msw, exhibiting a marked loss in circulating dopamine levels, likely accounting for BDNF-dependent impairment of mental capacity and heightened OxS. The decline in dopamine and BDNF appears to persist at decompression; thus, boosting dopamine\/BDNF signaling via pharmacological or other intervention types might attenuate IGN in deep dives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-022-05055-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T08:26:59Z","timestamp":1665390419000},"page":"143-158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Dopamine\/BDNF loss underscores narcosis cognitive impairment in divers: a proof of concept in a dry condition"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Gerardo","family":"Bosco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1155-0628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso Antonio","family":"Giacon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazareno","family":"Paolocci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Vezzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cinzia Della","family":"Noce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Paganini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacopo","family":"Agrimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Garetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danilo","family":"Cialoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"D\u2019Alessandro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico M.","family":"Camporesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7359-2690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Mrakic-Sposta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"5055_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.08.042","volume":"47","author":"J Agrimi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Agrimi J, Spalletti C, Baroni C et al (2019) Obese mice exposed to psychosocial stress display cardiac and hippocampal dysfunction associated with local brain-derived neurotrophic factor depletion. 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