{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T14:31:58Z","timestamp":1779114718732,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679529600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009238","name":"F\u00f6rsvarsmakten","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["9220919"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9220919"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009238","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004270","name":"Royal Institute of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Appl Physiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Military parachute operations are often executed at high altitude, from an unpressurized aircraft compartment. Parachute jumpmasters (JM) are thus regularly exposed to 29,500\u00a0ft for 60\u00a0min. The aim was to investigate the decompression strain during a simulated JM mission at high altitude and to compare two strategies of preoxygenation, conducted either at sea-level or below 10,000\u00a0ft, during ascent to mission altitude.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Ten JM completed, on separate occasions, a 45-min preoxygenation either at sea-level (normobaric: N) or 8200ft (hypobaric: H), followed by exposure to 28,000\u00a0ft for 60\u00a0min, whilst laying supine and breathing 100% oxygen. At min 45 of the exposure to 28,000\u00a0ft, the JM performed 10 weighted squats. Decompression strain was determined from ultrasound assessment of venous gas emboli (VGE) during supine rest (5-min intervals), after three unloaded knee-bends (15-min intervals) and immediately following the weighted squats. The VGE were scored using a six-graded scale (0\u20135).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In condition H, two JM experienced decompression sickness (DCS), whereas no DCS incidents were reported in condition N. The prevalence of VGE was higher in the H than the N condition, at rest [median(range), 3(0\u20134) vs 0(0\u20133); <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.017], after unloaded knee-bends [3(0\u20134) vs 0(0\u20133); <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.014] and after the 10 weighted squats [3(0\u20134) vs 0(0\u20133); <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.014]. VGE were detected earlier in the H (28\u2009\u00b1\u200920\u00a0min, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.018) than the N condition (50\u2009\u00b1\u200919\u00a0min).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A preoxygenation\/altitude procedure commonly used by JM, with a 60-min exposure to 28,000\u00a0ft after pre-oxygenation for 45\u00a0min at 8200\u00a0ft is associated with high risk of DCS. The decompression strain can be reduced by preoxygenating at sea level.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-023-05173-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T11:04:46Z","timestamp":1679569486000},"page":"1637-1644","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Decompression strain in parachute jumpmasters during simulated high-altitude missions: a special reference to preoxygenation strategies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9738-9320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ola","family":"Eiken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonis","family":"Elia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frode","family":"Gottschalk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mikael","family":"Gennser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rickard","family":"\u00c5nell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"5173_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-021-04794-2","volume":"121","author":"R \u00c5nell","year":"2021","unstructured":"\u00c5nell R, Gr\u00f6nkvist M, Gennser M, Eiken O (2021a) High-altitude decompression strain can be reduced by an early excursion to moderate altitude while breathing oxygen. Eur J Appl Physiol 121:3225\u20133232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-021-04794-2","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"5173_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3357\/amhp.5707.2021","volume":"92","author":"R \u00c5nell","year":"2021","unstructured":"\u00c5nell R, Gr\u00f6nkvist M, Gennser M, Eiken O (2021b) Hyperoxic effects on decompression strain during alternating high and moderate altitude exposures. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 92:223\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3357\/amhp.5707.2021","journal-title":"Aerosp Med Hum Perform"},{"key":"5173_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3357\/amhp.5938.2022","volume":"93","author":"R \u00c5nell","year":"2022","unstructured":"\u00c5nell R, Gr\u00f6nkvist M, Eiken O, Elia A, Gennser M (2022) Intra-individual test-retest variation regarding venous gas bubble formation during high altitude exposures. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 93:46\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3357\/amhp.5938.2022","journal-title":"Aerosp Med Hum Perform"},{"key":"5173_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1725-y","volume":"111","author":"R Arieli","year":"2011","unstructured":"Arieli R, Boaron E, Arieli Y, Abramovich A, Katsenelson K (2011) Oxygen pretreatment as protection against decompression sickness in rats: pressure and time necessary for hypothesized denucleation and renucleation. Eur J Appl Physiol 111:997\u20131005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-010-1725-y","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"5173_CR5","first-page":"609","volume":"16","author":"J Barcroft","year":"1931","unstructured":"Barcroft J, Douglas CG, Kendal LP, Margaria R (1931) Muscular exercise at low barometric pressure. Arch Biol Sci 16:609\u2013615","journal-title":"Arch Biol Sci"},{"key":"5173_CR6","first-page":"1068","volume":"77","author":"JE Blatteau","year":"2006","unstructured":"Blatteau JE, Souraud JB, Gempp E, Boussuges A (2006) Gas nuclei, their origin, and their role in bubble formation. Aviat Space Environ Med 77:1068\u20131076","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"5173_CR7","first-page":"163","volume":"30","author":"SL Blogg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Blogg SL, Gennser M, Loveman GA, Seddon FM, Thacker JC, White MG (2003) The effect of breathing hyperoxic gas during simulated submarine escape on venous gas emboli and decompression illness. Undersea Hyperb Med 30:163\u2013174","journal-title":"Undersea Hyperb Med"},{"key":"5173_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01058.2009","volume":"108","author":"G Bosco","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bosco G et al (2010) Effect of in-water oxygen prebreathing at different depths on decompression-induced bubble formation and platelet activation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 108:1077\u20131083. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.01058.2009","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"5173_CR9","first-page":"10","volume":"45","author":"D Cialoni","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cialoni D, Pieri M, Balestra C, Marroni A (2015) Flying after diving: should recommendations be reviewed? In-flight echocardiographic study in bubble-prone and bubble-resistant divers. Diving Hyperb Med 45:10\u201315","journal-title":"Diving Hyperb Med"},{"key":"5173_CR10","volume-title":"Empirical models for use in designing decompression procedures for space operations","author":"J Conkin","year":"1987","unstructured":"Conkin J, Edwards BF, Waligora JM, Horrigan DJ (1987) Empirical models for use in designing decompression procedures for space operations. NASA, Houston"},{"key":"5173_CR11","volume-title":"Risk of Decompression Sickness (DCS)","author":"J Conkin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Conkin J, Norcross JR, Wessel JH, Abercomby AFJ, Klein J, Dervay J, Gernhardt M (2013) Risk of Decompression Sickness (DCS). National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"key":"5173_CR12","first-page":"22","volume":"73","author":"JP Dervay","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dervay JP, Powell MR, Butler B, Fife CE (2002) The effect of exercise and rest duration on the generation of venous gas bubbles at altitude. Aviat Space Environ Med 73:22\u201327","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"5173_CR13","first-page":"29","volume-title":"The future of Diving: 100 years of Haldane and beyond. Smithsonian Institution","author":"DJ Doolette","year":"2009","unstructured":"Doolette DJ (2009) Haldane still rules! In: Lang B (ed) The future of Diving: 100 years of Haldane and beyond. Smithsonian Institution. Scholarly Press, Washington, pp 29\u201332"},{"key":"5173_CR14","first-page":"99","volume":"34","author":"OS Eftedal","year":"2007","unstructured":"Eftedal OS, Lydersen S, Brubakk AO (2007) The relationship between venous gas bubbles and adverse effects of decompression after air dives. Undersea Hyperb Med 34:99\u2013105","journal-title":"Undersea Hyperb Med"},{"key":"5173_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1113\/ep089522","volume":"106","author":"A Elia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elia A, Eiken O, \u00c5nell R, Gr\u00f6nkvist M, Gennser M (2021) Whole-body vibration preconditioning reduces the formation and delays the manifestation of high-altitude-induced venous gas emboli. Exp Physiol 106:1743\u20131751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/ep089522","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"5173_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3357\/amhp.5956.2022","volume":"93","author":"A Elia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Elia A, \u00c5nell R, Eiken O, Gr\u00f6nkvist M, Gennser M (2022) Inter- and intra-rater level of agreement in ultrasonic video grading of venous gas emboli. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 93:54\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3357\/amhp.5956.2022","journal-title":"Aerosp Med Hum Perform"},{"key":"5173_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3357\/asem.2893.2012","volume":"83","author":"M Gennser","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gennser M, Jurd KM, Blogg SL (2012) Pre-dive exercise and post-dive evolution of venous gas emboli. Aviat Space Environ Med 83:30\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3357\/asem.2893.2012","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"5173_CR18","unstructured":"Gutvik CR, Glavas D, M\u00f8llerl\u00f8kken A, Dujic Z, Brubakk AO (2008) The effect of deeper stops on bubble formation is dependent on length of bottom time. In: Bennett PB WB, Mitchell S (eds) Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine Society\u2019s Annual Scientific Meeting, Salt Lake City, Utah. Proceedings of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society\u2019s"},{"key":"5173_CR19","first-page":"93","volume":"24","author":"O Hyldegaard","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hyldegaard O, Madsen J (1997) Growth of air bubbles in adipose tissue during hypobaric oxygen breathing. Undersea Hyperb Med 24:93","journal-title":"Undersea Hyperb Med"},{"key":"5173_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00155.2007","volume":"103","author":"O Hyldegaard","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hyldegaard O, Madsen J (2007) Effect of hypobaric air, oxygen, heliox (50:50), or heliox (80:20) breathing on air bubbles in adipose tissue. J Appl Physiol (1985) 103:757\u2013762. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00155.2007","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"5173_CR21","first-page":"489","volume":"75","author":"LW Jankowski","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jankowski LW, Tikuisis P, Nishi RY (2004) Exercise effects during diving and decompression on postdive venous gas emboli. Aviat Space Environ Med 75:489\u2013495","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"5173_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00405664","volume":"60","author":"JR Jauchem","year":"1988","unstructured":"Jauchem JR (1988) Effects of exercise on the incidence of decompression sickness: a review of pertinent literature and current concepts. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 60:313\u2013319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00405664","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"5173_CR23","first-page":"293","volume":"17","author":"KE Kisman","year":"1978","unstructured":"Kisman KE, Masurel G, Lagrue D, LePechon JC (1978) Evaluation de la qualit\u00e9 d\u2019une d\u00e9compression bas\u00e9e sur la detection ultrasonore de bulles. Med Aerosp Med Hyperbare 17:293\u2013297","journal-title":"Med Aerosp Med Hyperbare"},{"key":"5173_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130835","volume":"10","author":"J Kot","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kot J, Sicko Z, Doboszynski T (2015) The extended oxygen window concept for programming saturation decompressions using air and nitrox. PLoS ONE 10:e0130835. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0130835","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5173_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1960.sp006478","volume":"152","author":"G Lundin","year":"1960","unstructured":"Lundin G (1960) Nitrogen elimination from the tissues during oxygen breathing and its relationship to the fat: muscle ratio and the localization of bends. J Physiol 152:167\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.1960.sp006478","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"5173_CR26","first-page":"501","volume-title":"Bennett and Elliott\u2019s physiology and medicine of diving","author":"RY Nishi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nishi RY, Brubakk AO, Eftedal OS (2003) Bubble detection. In: Brubakk AO, Neuman TS (eds) Bennett and Elliott\u2019s physiology and medicine of diving, 5th edn. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 501\u2013529","edition":"5"},{"key":"5173_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00169.2017","volume":"123","author":"W Ottestad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ottestad W, Hansen TA, Pradhan G, Stepanek J, H\u00f8iseth L, K\u00e5sin JI (2017) Acute hypoxia in a simulated high-altitude airdrop scenario due to oxygen system failure. J Appl Physiol (1985) 123:1443\u20131450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00169.2017","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"5173_CR28","first-page":"635","volume":"76","author":"AA Pilmanis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pilmanis AA, Webb JT, Balldin UI (2005) Partial pressure of nitrogen in breathing mixtures and risk of altitude decompression sickness. Aviat Space Environ Med 76:635\u2013641","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"5173_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-014-2841-x","volume":"114","author":"JM Pontier","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pontier JM, Lambrechts K (2014) Effect of oxygen-breathing during a decompression-stop on bubble-induced platelet activation after an open-sea air dive: oxygen-stop decompression. Eur J Appl Physiol 114:1175\u20131181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-014-2841-x","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"5173_CR30","first-page":"46","volume-title":"Fundamentals of aerospace medicine","author":"J Stepanek","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stepanek J, Webb JT (2008) Physiology of decompressive stress. In: Davis J, Stepanek F (eds) Fundamentals of aerospace medicine, 4th edn. Lippincott Wilams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 46\u201382","edition":"4"},{"key":"5173_CR31","first-page":"419","volume-title":"Bennet and Elliots physiology and medicine of diving","author":"P Tikusis","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tikusis P, Gerth W (2003) Decompression theory. In: BANT (ed) Bennet and Elliots physiology and medicine of diving, 5th edn. Saunders, Oxford, pp 419\u2013454","edition":"5"},{"key":"5173_CR32","first-page":"859","volume":"64","author":"HD Van Liew","year":"1993","unstructured":"Van Liew HD, Conkin J, Burkard ME (1993) The oxygen window and decompression bubbles: estimates and significance. Aviat Space Environ Med 64:859\u2013865","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"5173_CR33","first-page":"107","volume":"7","author":"RD Vann","year":"1980","unstructured":"Vann RD, Grimstad J, Nielsen CH (1980) Evidence for gas nuclei in decompressed rats. Undersea Biomed Res 7:107\u2013112","journal-title":"Undersea Biomed Res"},{"key":"5173_CR34","first-page":"1048","volume":"64","author":"JT Webb","year":"1993","unstructured":"Webb JT, Balldin UI, Pilmanis AA (1993) Prevention of decompression sickness in current and future fighter aircraft. Aviat Space Environ Med 64:1048\u20131050","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"5173_CR35","first-page":"335","volume":"69","author":"JT Webb","year":"1998","unstructured":"Webb JT, Pilmanis AA, O\u2019Connor RB (1998) An abrupt zero-preoxygenation altitude threshold for decompression sickness symptoms. Aviat Space Environ Med 69:335\u2013340","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"5173_CR36","first-page":"2","volume":"74","author":"JT Webb","year":"2003","unstructured":"Webb JT, Kannan N, Pilmanis AA (2003) Gender not a factor for altitude decompression sickness risk. Aviat Space Environ Med 74:2\u201310","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"5173_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5081","DOI":"10.1063\/1.322469","volume":"47","author":"DE Yount","year":"1976","unstructured":"Yount DE, Strauss RH (1976) Bubble formation in gelatin: a model for decompression sickness. J Appl Phys 47:5081\u20135089. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.322469","journal-title":"J Appl Phys"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Applied Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-023-05173-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00421-023-05173-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-023-05173-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,22]],"date-time":"2023-07-22T06:01:48Z","timestamp":1690005708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00421-023-05173-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["5173"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-023-05173-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1439-6319","1439-6327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1439-6319","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-6327","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 December 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 March 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 March 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}