{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T22:37:32Z","timestamp":1788907052200,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681344000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LP140100260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LP140100260"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001794","name":"The University of Queensland","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001794","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Appl Physiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To investigate the effect of muscle force during active stretch on quantitative and qualitative indicators of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) in the medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Twelve recreationally active volunteers performed two trials of an eccentric heel drop exercise. Participants performed a single bout of low-load (body weight) and high-load (body weight\u2009+\u200930% body weight) exercises on separate legs. The total mechanical work output for each condition was matched between legs. Before, two hours and 48\u00a0h after each bout of eccentric exercise, electrically stimulated triceps surae twitch torque, muscle soreness, MG active fascicle length at maximum twitch torque and muscle passive stiffness were collected. Triceps surae electromyographic (EMG) activity, MG fascicle stretch and MG muscle\u2013tendon unit (MTU) length were measured during the eccentric tasks.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The high-load condition increased triceps surae muscle activity by 6\u20139%, but reduced MG fascicle stretch (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). MTU stretch was similar between conditions. The greater muscle force during stretch did not give rise to additional torque loss (5 vs 6%) or intensify muscle soreness.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Adding 30% body weight during eccentric contractions has a modest impact on exercise-induced muscle damage in the medial gastrocnemius muscle. These results suggest that muscle load may not be an important determinant of stretch-induced muscle damage in the human MG muscle. The muscle investigated does exhibit large pennation angles and high series elastic compliance; architectural features that likely buffer muscle fibres against stretch and damage.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-023-05188-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T17:03:04Z","timestamp":1681405384000},"page":"1801-1808","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Increased muscle force does not induce greater stretch-induced damage to calf muscles during work-matched heel drop exercise"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8528-1515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricio A.","family":"Pincheira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dean L.","family":"Mayfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron S.","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas A. T.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew G.","family":"Cresswell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glen A.","family":"Lichtwark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"5188_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465980260030301","volume":"26","author":"H Alfredson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Alfredson H, Pietil\u00e4 T, Jonsson P, Lorentzon R (1998) Heavy-load eccentric calf muscle training for the treatment of chronic achilles tendinosis. Am J Sports Med 26:360\u2013366","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"5188_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-009-9852-5","volume":"38","author":"EM Arnold","year":"2010","unstructured":"Arnold EM, Ward SR, Lieber RL, Delp SL (2010) A model of the lower limb for analysis of human movement. Ann Biomed Eng 38:269\u2013279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-009-9852-5","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"5188_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.094383","volume":"217","author":"E Azizi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Azizi E, Roberts TJ (2014) Geared up to stretch: pennate muscle behavior during active lengthening. J Exp Biol 217:376\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.094383","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"5188_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181757182","volume":"40","author":"CD Black","year":"2008","unstructured":"Black CD, McCully KK (2008) Force per active area and muscle injury during electrically stimulated contractions. Med Sci Sports Exerc 40:1596\u20131604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181757182","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"5188_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1996.sp021790","volume":"497","author":"SV Brooks","year":"1996","unstructured":"Brooks SV, Faulkner JA (1996) The magnitude of the initial injury induced by stretches of maximally activated muscle fibres of mice and rats increases in old age. J Physiol 497:573\u2013580","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"5188_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/JES.0b013e3181d496eb","volume":"38","author":"TA Butterfield","year":"2010","unstructured":"Butterfield TA (2010) Eccentric exercise in vivo: strain-induced muscle damage and adaptation in a stable system. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 38:51\u201360","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"key":"5188_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00775.2016","volume":"122","author":"TJ Carroll","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carroll TJ, Taylor JL, Gandevia SC (2016) Recovery of central and peripheral neuromuscular fatigue after exercise. J Appl Physiol 122:1068\u20131076. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00775.2016","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"5188_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00425.2006","volume":"102","author":"TC Chen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen TC, Nosaka K, Sacco P (2007) Intensity of eccentric exercise, shift of optimum angle, and the magnitude of repeated-bout effect. J Appl Physiol 102:992\u2013999. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00425.2006","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"5188_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13388","volume":"29","author":"TC Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen TC, Yang T-J, Huang M-J et al (2019) Damage and the repeated bout effect of arm, leg and trunk muscles induced by eccentric resistance exercises. Scand J Med Sci Sports 29:725\u2013735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.13388","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"5188_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S52","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PHM.0000029772.45258.43","volume":"81","author":"PM Clarkson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Clarkson PM, Hubal MJ (2002) Exercise-induced muscle damage in humans. Am J Phys Med Rehabil Assoc Acad Physiatr 81:S52-69. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.PHM.0000029772.45258.43","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil Assoc Acad Physiatr"},{"key":"5188_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2016.02.016","volume":"128","author":"DJ Farris","year":"2016","unstructured":"Farris DJ, Lichtwark GA (2016) UltraTrack: software for semi-automated tracking of muscle fascicles in sequences of B-mode ultrasound images. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 128:111\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmpb.2016.02.016","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"key":"5188_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1991.sp018547","volume":"436","author":"RI Griffiths","year":"1991","unstructured":"Griffiths RI (1991) Shortening of muscle fibres during stretch of the active cat medial gastrocnemius muscle: the role of tendon compliance. J Physiol 436:219\u2013236","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"5188_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12654","volume":"217","author":"G Guilhem","year":"2016","unstructured":"Guilhem G, Doguet V, Hauraix H et al (2016) Muscle force loss and soreness subsequent to maximal eccentric contractions depend on the amount of fascicle strain in vivo. Acta Physiol Oxf Engl 217:152\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apha.12654","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Oxf Engl"},{"key":"5188_CR14","unstructured":"Hermens HJ, Freriks B, Merletti R, Stegeman D, Blok J, Rau G, Disselhorst-Klug C, H\u00e4gg G (1999) European recommendations for surface electromyography. Roessingh Research and Development 8(2):13\u201354"},{"key":"5188_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00070.2012","volume":"113","author":"BW Hoffman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hoffman BW, Lichtwark GA, Carroll TJ, Cresswell AG (2012) A comparison of two Hill-type skeletal muscle models on the construction of medial gastrocnemius length-tension curves in humans in vivo. J Appl Physiol 113:90\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00070.2012","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"5188_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01431.2012","volume":"116","author":"BW Hoffman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hoffman BW, Cresswell AG, Carroll TJ, Lichtwark GA (2014) Muscle fascicle strains in human gastrocnemius during backward downhill walking. J Appl Physiol 116:1455\u20131462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.01431.2012","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"5188_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000920","volume":"48","author":"BW Hoffman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hoffman BW, Cresswell AG, Carroll TJ, Lichtwark GA (2016) Protection from muscle damage in the absence of changes in muscle mechanical behavior. Med Sci Sports Exerc 48:1495\u20131505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000920","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"5188_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.24077","volume":"49","author":"RD Hyldahl","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hyldahl RD, Hubal MJ (2014) Lengthening our perspective: morphological, cellular, and molecular responses to eccentric exercise. Muscle Nerve 49:155\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.24077","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"5188_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R879","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00338.2014","volume":"308","author":"WY Lau","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lau WY, Blazevich AJ, Newton MJ et al (2015) Reduced muscle lengthening during eccentric contractions as a mechanism underpinning the repeated-bout effect. Am J Physiol\u2014Regul Integr Comp Physiol 308:R879\u2013R886. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpregu.00338.2014","journal-title":"Am J Physiol\u2014Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"5188_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2018.06.005","volume":"7","author":"RL Lieber","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lieber RL (2018) Biomechanical response of skeletal muscle to eccentric contractions. J Sport Health Sci 7:294\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jshs.2018.06.005","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"key":"5188_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.74.2.520","volume":"74","author":"RL Lieber","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lieber RL, Frid\u00e9n J (1993) Muscle damage is not a function of muscle force but active muscle strain. J Appl Physiol Bethesda Md 1985 74:520\u2013526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1993.74.2.520","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol Bethesda Md 1985"},{"key":"5188_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s001670000148","volume":"9","author":"N Mafi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mafi N, Lorentzon R, Alfredson H (2001) Superior short-term results with eccentric calf muscle training compared to concentric training in a randomized prospective multicenter study on patients with chronic Achilles tendinosis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 9:42\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s001670000148","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"5188_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000473","volume":"47","author":"L Pe\u00f1ailillo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1ailillo L, Blazevich AJ, Nosaka K (2015) Muscle fascicle behavior during eccentric cycling and its relation to muscle soreness. Med Sci Sports Exerc 47:708\u2013717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000473","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"5188_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13222","volume":"28","author":"PA Pincheira","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pincheira PA, Hoffman BW, Cresswell AG et al (2018) The repeated bout effect can occur without mechanical and neuromuscular changes after a bout of eccentric exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 28:2123\u20132134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.13222","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"5188_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-021-04787-1","volume":"121","author":"PA Pincheira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pincheira PA, Hoffman BW, Cresswell AG et al (2021a) Cyclic eccentric stretching induces more damage and improved subsequent protection than stretched isometric contractions in the lower limb. Eur J Appl Physiol 121:3349\u20133360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-021-04787-1","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"5188_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13912","volume":"31","author":"PA Pincheira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pincheira PA, Martinez-Valdes E, Guzman-Venegas R et al (2021b) Regional changes in muscle activity do not underlie the repeated bout effect in the human gastrocnemius muscle. Scand J Med Sci Sports 31:799\u2013812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.13912","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"5188_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(93)90032-N","volume":"41","author":"U Proske","year":"1993","unstructured":"Proske U, Morgan DL, Gregory JE (1993) Thixotropy in skeletal muscle and in muscle spindles: a review. Prog Neurobiol 41:705\u2013721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0301-0082(93)90032-N","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"5188_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182084929","volume":"43","author":"AG Schache","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schache AG, Blanch PD, Dorn TW et al (2011) Effect of running speed on lower limb joint kinetics. Med Sci Sports Exerc 43:1260\u20131271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182084929","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"5188_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-013-2713-9","volume":"113","author":"AG Schache","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schache AG, Dorn TW, Wrigley TV et al (2013) Stretch and activation of the human biarticular hamstrings across a range of running speeds. Eur J Appl Physiol 113:2813\u20132828. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-013-2713-9","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"5188_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0229034","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229034","volume":"15","author":"OR Seynnes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seynnes OR, Cronin NJ (2020) Simple muscle architecture analysis (SMA): an ImageJ macro tool to automate measurements in B-mode ultrasound scans. PLOS ONE 15:e0229034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0229034","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"5188_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005325032106","volume":"19","author":"JA Talbot","year":"1998","unstructured":"Talbot JA, Morgan DL (1998) The effects of stretch parameters on eccentric exercise-induced damage to toad skeletal muscle. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 19:237\u2013245","journal-title":"J Muscle Res Cell Motil"},{"key":"5188_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1993.sp019645","volume":"464","author":"GL Warren","year":"1993","unstructured":"Warren GL, Hayes DA, Lowe DA, Armstrong RB (1993) Mechanical factors in the initiation of eccentric contraction-induced injury in rat soleus muscle. J Physiol 464:457\u2013475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.1993.sp019645","journal-title":"J Physiol"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Applied Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-023-05188-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00421-023-05188-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-023-05188-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,22]],"date-time":"2023-07-22T06:03:29Z","timestamp":1690005809000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00421-023-05188-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["5188"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-023-05188-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1439-6319","1439-6327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1439-6319","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-6327","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 November 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 March 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 April 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"None to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}