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A portable metabolic system measured oxygen uptake, enabling calculation of C and the metabolic equivalent of task (MET). Gait kinematics and external, internal, and total mechanical work (W<jats:sub>TOT<\/jats:sub>) were calculated by an optoelectronic system. Efficiency was calculated either as W<jats:sub>TOT<\/jats:sub>\/C or by summing W<jats:sub>TOT<\/jats:sub> to the work against sliding frictions. Results were compared with normal walking, running, and skipping.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>C was higher for walking on the multidirectional treadmill than for normal walking, running, and skipping, and decreased with speed (best-fit equation: C\u2009=\u200920.2\u201327.5\u00b7speed\u2009+\u200915.8\u00b7speed<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>); the average MET was 4.6\u2009\u00b1\u20091.4. Mechanical work was higher at lower speeds, but similar to that of normal walking at higher speeds, with lower pendular energy recovery and efficiency; differences in efficiency were explained by the additional work against sliding frictions. At paired speeds, participants showed a more forward-leaned trunk and higher ankle dorsiflexion, stride frequency, and duty factor than normal walking.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Walking on a multidirectional treadmill requires a higher metabolic cost and different mechanical work and kinematics than normal walking. This raises questions on its use for gait rehabilitation but highlights its potential for high-intensity exercise and physical activity promotion.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-023-05306-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]],"date-time":"2023-09-30T11:02:20Z","timestamp":1696071740000},"page":"783-792","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Metabolic cost and mechanical work of walking in a virtual reality emulator"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"124","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1179-8578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Luciano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0120-4406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto E.","family":"Minetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0109-4964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaspare","family":"Pavei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"5306_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199301000-00011","volume":"25","author":"BE Ainsworth","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Leon AS et al (1993) Compendium of physical activities: classification of energy costs of human physical activities. 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