{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T01:05:33Z","timestamp":1789434333029,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699920000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DOT1340157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOT1340157"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union Next-GenerationEU"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007052","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Verona","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Appl Physiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To evaluate the independent and combined effects of hypoxia (FiO2\u2009=\u200913.5%) and cold (\u2212\u00a020\u00a0\u00b0C) on physiological and perceptual responses to endurance exercise.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>14 trained male subjects (<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\mathop {\\text{V}}\\limits^{.}$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                    <mml:mover>\n                      <mml:mtext>V<\/mml:mtext>\n                      <mml:mo>.<\/mml:mo>\n                    <\/mml:mover>\n                  <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>O<jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>: 64\u2009\u00b1\u20095\u00a0mL\/kg\/min) randomly performed a discontinuous maximal incremental test to exhaustion on a motorized treadmill under four environmental conditions: Normothermic-Normoxia (N), Normothermic-Hypoxia (H), Cold-Normoxia (C) and Cold-Hypoxia (CH). Performance and physiological and perceptual responses throughout exercise were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Maximal WorkLoad (WL) and WL at lactate threshold (LT) were reduced in C (\u2212\u00a02.3% and \u2212\u00a03.5%) and H (\u2212\u00a018.0% and \u2212\u00a021.7%) compared to N, with no interactive (p\u2009=\u20090.25 and 0.81) but additive effect in CH (\u2212\u00a021.5% and \u2212\u00a024.6%). Similarly, HR<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> and Ve<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> were reduced in C (\u2212\u00a03.2% and \u2212\u00a014.6%) and H (\u2212\u00a05.0% and \u2212\u00a07%), showing additive effects in CH (\u2212\u00a07.7% and \u2212\u00a016.6%). At LT, additive effect of C (\u2212\u00a02.8%) and H (\u2212\u00a03.8%) on HR reduction in CH (\u2212\u00a05.7%) was maintained, whereas an interactive effect (p\u2009=\u20090.007) of the two stressors combined was noted on Ve (C: \u2212\u00a03.1%, H:\u2009+\u20095.5%, CH: \u2212\u00a010.9%). [La] curve shifted on the left in CH, displaying an interaction effect between the 2 stressors on this parameter. Finally, RPE at LT was exclusively reduced by hypoxia (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), whereas TS<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> is synergistically reduced by cold and hypoxia (interaction <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.047).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>If compared to single stress exposure, exercise performance and physiological and perceptual variables undergo additive or synergistic effects when cold and hypoxia are combined. These results provide new insight into human physiological responses to extreme environments.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-023-05343-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T07:02:05Z","timestamp":1699945325000},"page":"1185-1200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Independent, additive and interactive effects of acute normobaric hypoxia and cold on submaximal and maximal endurance exercise"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"124","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5674-9967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Callovini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Fornasiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Savoldelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Decet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Skafidas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Pellegrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Bortolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Schena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"5343_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2011.03.014","volume":"177","author":"A Aliverti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aliverti A, Kayser B, Mauro AL, Quaranta M, Pompilio P, Dellac\u00e0 RL, Ora J, Biasco L, Cavalleri L, Pomidori L, Cogo A, Pellegrino R, Miserocchi G (2011) Respiratory physiology & neurobiology respiratory and leg muscles perceived exertion during exercise at altitude. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 177(2):162\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resp.2011.03.014","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"5343_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-7678-9_22","volume":"903","author":"M Amann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Amann M, Dempsey JA (2016) Ensemble input of group III\/IV muscle afferents to CNS: a limiting factor of central motor drive during endurance exercise from normoxia to moderate hypoxia BT - hypoxia: translation in progress. Adv Exp Med Biol 903:325\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4899-7678-9_22","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5343_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01596.2005","volume":"101","author":"M Amann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Amann M, Romer LM, Pegelow DF, Jacques AJ, Hess CJ, Dempsey JA (2006) Effects of arterial oxygen content on peripheral locomotor muscle fatigue. J Appl Physiol 101(1):119\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.01596.2005","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5343_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2000.109822","volume":"106","author":"SD Anderson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Anderson SD, Daviskas E (2000) The mechanism of exercise-induced asthma is \u2026. J Allergy Clin Immunol 106(3):453\u2013459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/mai.2000.109822","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"5343_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JTHERBIO.2005.11.028","volume":"31","author":"E Arens","year":"2006","unstructured":"Arens E, Zhang H, Huizenga C (2006) Partial- and whole-body thermal sensation and comfort\u2014 Part I: uniform environmental conditions. J Therm Biol 31(1\u20132):53\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JTHERBIO.2005.11.028","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"5343_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-003-0899-y","volume":"90","author":"H Benoit","year":"2003","unstructured":"Benoit H, Busso T, Castells J, Geyssant A, Denis C (2003) Decrease in peak heart rate with acute hypoxia in relation to sea level VO2max. Eur J Appl Physiol 90(5\u20136):514\u2013519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-003-0899-y","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"5343_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199808000-00014","author":"D Bishop","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bishop D, Jenkins DG, Mackinnon LT (1998) The relationship between plasma lactate parameters, Wpeak and 1-h cycling performance in women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005768-199808000-00014","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"4","key":"5343_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1987.tb08277.x","volume":"131","author":"E Blomstrand","year":"1987","unstructured":"Blomstrand E, Ess\u00e9n-Gustavsson B (1987) Influence of reduced muscle temperature on metabolism in type I and type II human muscle fibres during intensive exercise. Acta Physiol Scand 131(4):569\u2013574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1987.tb08277.x","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"issue":"2","key":"5343_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1984.tb00128.x","volume":"120","author":"E Blomstrand","year":"1984","unstructured":"Blomstrand E, Bergh U, Ess\u00e9n-Gustavsson B, Ekblom B (1984) Influence of low muscle temperature on muscle metabolism during intense dynamic exercise. Acta Physiol Scand 120(2):229\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1984.tb00128.x","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"issue":"2","key":"5343_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(01)00055-5","volume":"109","author":"E Borg","year":"2002","unstructured":"Borg E, Borg G (2002) A comparison of AME and CR100 for scaling perceived exertion. Acta Physiol (oxf) 109(2):157\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0001-6918(01)00055-5","journal-title":"Acta Physiol (oxf)"},{"key":"5343_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.737249","author":"L Bortolan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bortolan L, Savoldelli A, Pellegrini B, Modena R, Sacchi M, Holmberg HC, Supej M (2021) Ski mountaineering: perspectives on a novel sport to be introduced at the 2026 winter olympic games. Front Physiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2021.737249","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5343_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/17470216308416325","volume":"15","author":"DE Broadbent","year":"1963","unstructured":"Broadbent DE (1963) Differences and interactions between stresses. Q J Exp Psychol 15(3):205\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17470216308416325","journal-title":"Q J Exp Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"5343_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.5.1819","volume":"89","author":"MJ Brosnan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brosnan MJ, Martin DT, Hahn AG, Gore CJ, Hawley JA (2000) Impaired interval exercise responses in elite female cyclists at moderate simulated altitude. J Appl Physiol 89(5):1819\u20131824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.5.1819","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5343_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1089\/ham.2008.1099","volume":"10","author":"JAL Calbet","year":"2009","unstructured":"Calbet JAL, Lundby C (2009) Air to muscle O2 delivery during exercise at altitude. High Alt Med Biol 10(2):123\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ham.2008.1099","journal-title":"High Alt Med Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5343_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c140081","volume":"6","author":"JW Castellani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Castellani JW, Tipton MJ (2016) Cold stress effects on exposure tolerance and exercise performance. Compr Physiol 6(1):443\u2013469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cphy.c140081","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"5343_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2016.02.009","volume":"196","author":"JW Castellani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Castellani JW, Young AJ (2016) Human physiological responses to cold exposure: acute responses and acclimatization to prolonged exposure. Auton Neurosci Basic Clin 196:63\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autneu.2016.02.009","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci Basic Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"5343_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-007-0554-0","volume":"102","author":"SA Clark","year":"2007","unstructured":"Clark SA, Bourdon PC, Schmidt W, Singh B, Cable G, Onus KJ, Woolford SM, Stanef T, Gore CJ, Aughey RJ (2007) The effect of acute simulated moderate altitude on power, performance and pacing strategies in well-trained cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 102(1):45\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-007-0554-0","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5343_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-015-0882-1","volume":"4","author":"FA Cunha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cunha FA, Midgley AW, Gon\u00e7alves T, Soares PP, Farinatti P (2015) Parasympathetic reactivation after maximal CPET depends on exercise modality and resting vagal activity in healthy men. Springerplus 4(1):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40064-015-0882-1","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"5343_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.8.2.111","author":"K De Pauw","year":"2013","unstructured":"De Pauw K, Roelands B, Cheung SS, De Geus B, Rietjens G, Meeusen R (2013) Guidelines to classify subject groups in sport-science research. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.8.2.111","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"issue":"6","key":"5343_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199111060-00003","volume":"11","author":"TJ Doubt","year":"1991","unstructured":"Doubt TJ (1991) Physiology of exercise in the cold. Sports Med 11(6):367\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00007256-199111060-00003","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5343_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.138883","volume":"584","author":"J Duffin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Duffin J (2007) Measuring the ventilatory response to hypoxia. J Physiol 584(1):285\u2013293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.138883","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"5343_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181dc450a","author":"N Fabre","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fabre N, Balestreri F, Pellegrini B (2010) The modified Dmax method is reliable to predict the second ventilatory threshold in elite cross-country skiers. J Strength Cond Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181dc450a","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"5343_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147573","author":"M Faulhaber","year":"2021","unstructured":"Faulhaber M, Gr\u00f6bner K, Rausch L, Gatterer H, Menz V (2021) Effects of acute hypoxia on lactate thresholds and high-intensity endurance performance\u2014a pilot study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18147573","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"5343_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-018-3945-5","volume":"118","author":"A Fornasiero","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fornasiero A, Savoldelli A, Skafidas S, Stella F, Bortolan L, Boccia G, Zignoli A, Schena F, Mourot L, Pellegrini B (2018) Delayed parasympathetic reactivation and sympathetic withdrawal following maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in hypoxia. Eur J Appl Physiol 118(10):2189\u20132201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-018-3945-5","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"5343_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000142307.62181.37","volume":"36","author":"B Friedmann","year":"2004","unstructured":"Friedmann B, Bauer T, Menold E, B\u00e4rtsch P (2004) Exercise with the intensity of the individual anaerobic threshold in acute hypoxia. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36(10):1737\u20131742. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/01.MSS.0000142307.62181.37","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"7","key":"5343_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-821326","volume":"26","author":"B Friedmann","year":"2005","unstructured":"Friedmann B, Frese F, Menold E, B\u00e4rtsch P (2005) Individual variation in the reduction of heart rate and performance at lactate thresholds in acute normobaric hypoxia. Int J Sports Med 26(7):531\u2013536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2004-821326","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"5343_CR27","first-page":"793","volume":"69","author":"CS Fulco","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fulco CS, Rock PB, Cymerman A (1998) Maximal and submaximal exercise performance at altitude. Aviat Space Environ Med 69(8):793\u2013801","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"5343_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143028","volume":"10","author":"LA Garvican-Lewis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Garvican-Lewis LA, Clark B, Martin DT, Schumacher YO, McDonald W, Stephens B, Ma F, Thompson KG, Gore CJ, Menasp\u00e0 P (2015) Impact of altitude on power output during cycling stage racing. PLoS ONE 10(12):1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0143028","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5343_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00003677-198401000-00013","author":"CV Gisolfi","year":"1984","unstructured":"Gisolfi CV, Wenger CB (1984) Temperature regulation during exercise: old concepts new ideas. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/00003677-198401000-00013","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"5343_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-004-1058-9","volume":"92","author":"P Golja","year":"2004","unstructured":"Golja P, Kacin A, Tipton MJ, Eiken O, Mekjavic IB (2004) Hypoxia increases the cutaneous threshold for the sensation of cold. Eur J Appl Physiol 92(1\u20132):62\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-004-1058-9","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"5343_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00458.2010","volume":"18","author":"S Goodall","year":"2022","unstructured":"Goodall S, Ross EZ, Romer LM (2022) Effect of graded hypoxia on supraspinal contributions to fatigue with unilateral knee-extensor contractions. J Appl Physiol 18:1842\u20131851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00458.2010","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5343_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-924216","volume":"28","author":"O Grataloup","year":"2007","unstructured":"Grataloup O, Busso T, Castells J, Denis C, Benoit H (2007) Evidence of decrease in peak heart rate in acute hypoxia: effect of exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia. Int J Sports Med 28(3):181\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2006-924216","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"5343_CR33","volume-title":"Handbuch der experimentellen pharmakologi\/handbook of experimental pharmacology","author":"J Himms-Hagen","year":"1972","unstructured":"Himms-Hagen J (1972) Effects of catecholamines on metabolism BT - catecholamines. Handbuch der experimentellen pharmakologi\/handbook of experimental pharmacology. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg"},{"key":"5343_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103262","author":"MD Kennedy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kennedy MD, Steele AR, Parent EC, Steinback CD (2019) Cold air exercise screening for exercise induced bronchoconstriction in cold weather athletes. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103262","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"18","key":"5343_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186662","volume":"17","author":"MD Kennedy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kennedy MD, Lenz E, Niedermeier M, Faulhaber M (2020) Are respiratory responses to cold air exercise different in females compared to males? Implications for exercise in cold air environments. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17(18):1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17186662","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"5343_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R418","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00103.2019","volume":"317","author":"ME Keramidas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Keramidas ME, K\u00f6leg\u00e5rd R, Mekjavic IB, Eiken O (2019) Interactions of mild hypothermia and hypoxia on finger vasoreactivity to local cold stress. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 317(3):R418\u2013R431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpregu.00103.2019","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"issue":"04","key":"5343_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1025839","volume":"06","author":"H Kuipers","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kuipers H, Keizer H, Geurten P, van Kranenburg G, Verstappen FT (1985) Variability of aerobic performance in the laboratory and its physiologic correlates. Int J Sports Med 06(04):197\u2013201","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"5343_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2016.1189991","volume":"3","author":"A Lloyd","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lloyd A, Havenith G (2016) Interactions in human performance: an individual and combined stressors approach. Temperature 3(4):514\u2013517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23328940.2016.1189991","journal-title":"Temperature"},{"issue":"9","key":"5343_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-015-3181-1","volume":"115","author":"A Lloyd","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lloyd A, Hodder S, Havenith G (2015) The interactive effect of cooling and hypoxia on forearm fatigue development. Eur J Appl Physiol 115(9):2007\u20132018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-015-3181-1","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5343_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00876.2015","volume":"120","author":"A Lloyd","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lloyd A, Raccuglia M, Hodder S, Havenith G (2016) Interaction between environmental temperature and hypoxia on central and peripheral fatigue during high-intensity dynamic knee extension. J Appl Physiol 120(6):567\u2013579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00876.2015","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5343_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.2170\/physiolsci.SC008306","volume":"56","author":"KA Lorenz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lorenz KA, Hom C, Lopez J, Pozos RS, Buono MJ, Kolkhorst FW (2006) Effects of hypoxia on the onset of muscle deoxygenation and the lactate threshold. J Physiol Sci 56(4):321\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2170\/physiolsci.SC008306","journal-title":"J Physiol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"5343_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-008-0721-y","volume":"104","author":"UL Malanda","year":"2008","unstructured":"Malanda UL, Reulen JPH, Saris WHM, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD (2008) Hypoxia induces no change in cutaneous thresholds for warmth and cold sensation. Eur J Appl Physiol 104(2):375\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-008-0721-y","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"S1","key":"5343_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A53","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-7648-4-s1-a53","volume":"4","author":"HC Massey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Massey HC, House JR, Tipton MJ (2015) Vasomotor responses to hypoxia and cold air. Extrem Physiol Med 4(S1):A53. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2046-7648-4-s1-a53","journal-title":"Extrem Physiol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5343_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/0470022086.ch1","volume":"38","author":"RS Mazzeo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mazzeo RS (2006) Physiological responses to exercise at altitude an. Sports Med 38(1):1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/0470022086.ch1","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"5343_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-007-0457-0","volume":"100","author":"P Mollard","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mollard P, Woorons X, Letournel M, Lamberto C, Favret F, Pichon A, Beaudry M, Richalet JP (2007) Determinants of maximal oxygen uptake in moderate acute hypoxia in endurance athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 100(6):663\u2013673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-007-0457-0","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"5343_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2018-0698","volume":"44","author":"MC Morrissey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Morrissey MC, Kisiolek JN, Ragland TJ, Willingham BD, Hunt RL, Hickner RC, Ormsbee MJ (2019) The effect of cold ambient temperature and preceding active warm-up on lactate kinetics in female cyclists and triathletes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 44(10):1043\u20131051. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/apnm-2018-0698","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"key":"5343_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00972","author":"L Mourot","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mourot L (2018) Limitation of maximal heart rate in hypoxia: mechanisms and clinical importance. Front Physiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2018.00972","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5343_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1113\/EP088512","volume":"106","author":"H Mugele","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mugele H, Oliver SJ, Gagnon D, Lawley JS (2021) Integrative crosstalk between hypoxia and the cold: Old data and new opportunities. Exp Physiol 106(1):350\u2013358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/EP088512","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"5343_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410601128922","volume":"25","author":"J Newell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Newell J, Higgins D, Madden N, Cruickshank J, Einbeck J, McMillan K, McDonald R (2007) Software for calculating blood lactate endurance markers. J Sports Sci 25(12):1403\u20131409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640410601128922","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"13","key":"5343_CR50","first-page":"1119","volume":"34","author":"A Nicol\u00f2","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nicol\u00f2 A, Marcora SM, Sacchetti M (2015) Respiratory frequency is strongly associated with perceived exertion during time trials of different duration. J Sports Sci 34(13):1119\u20131206","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"5343_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imr.2016.06.002","volume":"5","author":"M No","year":"2016","unstructured":"No M, Kwak H-B (2016) Effects of environmental temperature on physiological responses during submaximal and maximal exercises in soccer players. Integr Med Res 5(3):216\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.imr.2016.06.002","journal-title":"Integr Med Res"},{"issue":"18","key":"5343_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3225","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.18.3225","volume":"204","author":"TD Noakes","year":"2001","unstructured":"Noakes TD, Peltonen JE, Rusko HK (2001) Evidence that a central governor regulates exercise performance during acute hypoxia and hyperoxia. J Exp Biol 204(18):3225\u20133234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.204.18.3225","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5343_CR53","first-page":"774","volume":"13","author":"M Ofner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ofner M, Wonisch M, Frei M, Tschakert G, Domej W, Kr\u00f6pfl JM, Hofmann P (2014) Influence of acute normobaric hypoxia on physiological variables and lactate turn point determination in trained men. J Sports Sci Med 13(4):774\u2013781","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"5343_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3402\/ijch.v61i2.17448","volume":"61","author":"J Oksa","year":"2002","unstructured":"Oksa J (2002) Neuromuscular performance limitations in cold. Int J Circumpolar Health 61(2):154\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/ijch.v61i2.17448","journal-title":"Int J Circumpolar Health"},{"key":"5343_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2004.08.063","author":"J Oksa","year":"2004","unstructured":"Oksa J, Kaikkonen H, Sorvisto P, Vaappo M, Martikkala V, Rintam\u00e4ki H (2004) Changes in maximal cardiorespiratory capacity and submaximal strain while exercising in cold. J Therm Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2004.08.063","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5343_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01051082","volume":"33","author":"A Quirion","year":"1989","unstructured":"Quirion A, Laurencelle L, Paulin L, Therminarias A, Brisson GR, Audet A, Dulac S, Vogelaere P (1989) Metabolic and hormonal responses during exercise at 20\u00b0, 0\u00b0 and \u2212\u00a020\u00b0C. Int J Biometeorol 33(4):227\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01051082","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"5343_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2014.06.009","volume":"45","author":"J Renberg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Renberg J, Sandsund M, Wiggen \u00d8N, Reinertsen RE (2014) Effect of ambient temperature on female endurance performance. J Therm Biol 45:9\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2014.06.009","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"issue":"02","key":"5343_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1024997","volume":"09","author":"JP Richalet","year":"1988","unstructured":"Richalet JP (1988) Acute hypoxia decreases cardiac response to catecholamines in exercising humans. Int J Sports Med 09(02):157\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2007-1024997","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"5343_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1024582","author":"JP Richalet","year":"1992","unstructured":"Richalet JP, Antezana AM, Kacimi R (1992) The control of cardiac chronotropic function in hypobaric hypoxia. Int J Sports Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2007-1024582","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"5343_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3939","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-012-2373-1","volume":"112","author":"M Sandsund","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sandsund M, Saursaunet V, Wiggen O, Renberg J, Farevik H, Van Beekvelt MCP (2012) Effect of ambient temperature on endurance performance while wearing cross-country skiing clothing. Eur J Appl Physiol 112(12):3939\u20133947. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-012-2373-1","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"5343_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2006.12.011","volume":"101","author":"T Stensrud","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stensrud T, Berntsen S, Carlsen KH (2007) Exercise capacity and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) in a cold environment. Respir Med 101(7):1529\u20131536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmed.2006.12.011","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"5343_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.01.021","volume":"161","author":"MK Stickland","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stickland MK, Neder JA, Guenette JA, Donnell DEO (2022) Using cardiopulmonary exercise testing to understand dyspnea and exercise intolerance in respiratory disease criteria for determining maximal patient effort. Chest 161(6):1505\u20131516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2022.01.021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"5343_CR63","unstructured":"Taylor N, Mekjavic IB, Tipton MJ (2008) The physiology of acute cold exposure, with particular reference to human performance in the cold. In: Taylor N, Groeller H, McLennan P (eds) Physiological bases of human performance during work and exercise. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 359\u2013378"},{"issue":"SUPPL. 1","key":"5343_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1024635","volume":"13","author":"A Therminarias","year":"1992","unstructured":"Therminarias A (1992) Acute exposure to cold air and metabolic responses to exercise. Int J Sports Med 13(SUPPL. 1):187\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2007-1024635","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"5343_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00643518","volume":"58","author":"A Therminarias","year":"1989","unstructured":"Therminarias A, Flore P, Oddou-Chirpaz MF, Pellerei E, Quirion A (1989) Influence of cold exposure on blood lactate response during incremental exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 58(4):411\u2013418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00643518","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"14","key":"5343_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17145239","volume":"17","author":"B Treml","year":"2020","unstructured":"Treml B, Gatterer H, Burtscher J, Kleinsasser A, Burtscher M (2020) A focused review on the maximal exercise responses in hypo-and normobaric hypoxia: divergent oxygen uptake and ventilation responses. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17(14):1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17145239","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"5343_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1089\/ham.2019.0068","volume":"20","author":"LT Weckbach","year":"2019","unstructured":"Weckbach LT, Kassem S, Maier F, Hamm W, Sch\u00fcttler D, Kellnar A, Lackermair K, Brunner S (2019) Impact of acute altitude exposure on lactate threshold. High Alt Med Biol 20(3):322\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ham.2019.0068","journal-title":"High Alt Med Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5343_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-005-0081-9","volume":"96","author":"JP Wehrlin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wehrlin JP, Hall\u00e9n J (2006) Linear decrease in VO2max and performance with increasing altitude in endurance athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 96(4):404\u2013412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-005-0081-9","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"5343_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3182915e7d","author":"\u00d8N Wiggen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wiggen \u00d8N, Waagaard SH, Heidelberg CT, Oksa J (2013) Effect of cold conditions on double poling sprint performance of well-trained male cross-country skiers. J Strength Cond Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3182915e7d","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Applied Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-023-05343-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00421-023-05343-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-023-05343-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T01:04:31Z","timestamp":1710983071000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00421-023-05343-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["5343"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-023-05343-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1439-6319","1439-6327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1439-6319","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-6327","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 March 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 October 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 November 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no financial or proprietary interests in any material discussed in this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interests"}}]}}