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The effects of repeated post-resistance exercise water immersion on inflammatory and hormone responses in athletes were investigated.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Male, academy Super Rugby players (n\u2009=\u200918, 19.9\u2009\u00b1\u20091.5 y, 1.85\u2009\u00b1\u20090.06\u00a0m, 98.3\u2009\u00b1\u200910.7\u00a0kg) participated in a 12-week programme divided into 3 <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\times$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                    <mml:mo>\u00d7<\/mml:mo>\n                  <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> 4-week blocks of post-resistance exercise water immersion (either, no immersion control [CON]; cold [CWI]; or hot [HWI] water immersion), utilising a randomised cross-over pre-post design. Fasted, morning blood measures were collected prior to commencement of first intervention block, and every fourth week thereafter. Linear mixed-effects models were used to analyse main (treatment, time) and interaction effects.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Repeated CWI (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.025, <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.05) and HWI (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.62) reduced creatine kinase (CK), compared to CON. HWI decreased (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.013, <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.59) interleukin (IL)-1ra, compared to CON. HWI increased (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001\u20130.026, <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.06\u20130.17) growth factors (PDGF-BB, IGF-1), compared to CON and CWI. CWI increased (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.004, <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.46) heat shock protein-72 (HSP-72), compared to HWI.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Post-resistance exercise CWI or HWI resulted in trivial and moderate reductions in CK, respectively, which may be partly due to hydrostatic effects of water immersion. Post-resistance exercise HWI moderately decreased IL-1ra, which may be associated with post-resistance exercise skeletal muscle inflammation influencing chronic resistance exercise adaptive responses. Following post-resistance exercise water immersion, CWI increased HSP-72 suggesting a thermoregulatory response indicating improved adaptive inflammatory responses to temperature changes, while HWI increased growth factors (PDGF-BB, IGF-1) indicating different systematic signalling pathway activation. Our data supports the continued use of post-resistance exercise water immersion recovery strategies of any temperature during in-season competition phases for improved inflammatory adaptive responses in athletes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-024-05424-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,13]],"date-time":"2024-04-13T15:01:40Z","timestamp":1713020500000},"page":"2615-2628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effect of repeated post-resistance exercise cold or hot water immersion on in-season inflammatory responses in academy rugby players: a randomised controlled cross-over design"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"124","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6436-8950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barry G.","family":"Horgan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5482-4182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas P.","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1130-9516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolin","family":"Tee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1047-3878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shona L.","family":"Halson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9594-9360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric J.","family":"Drinkwater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3393-1261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dale W.","family":"Chapman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0676-7750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G. 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