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The convergence of bradycardia and tachycardia may determine the cardiovascular responses to diving. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interaction of breath holding and muscle mechanoreflex on cardiovascular responses in breath-hold divers (BHDs) and non-BHDs. We compared the cardiovascular responses to combined apnea and the mechanoreflex in BHDs and non-BHDs. All participants undertook three trials\u2014apnea, passive leg cycling (PLC), and combined trials\u2014for 30\u00a0s after rest. Cardiovascular variables were measured continuously. Nine BHD (male:female, 4:5; [means\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD] age, 35\u2009\u00b1\u20096\u00a0years; height, 168.6\u2009\u00b1\u20094.6\u00a0cm; body mass, 58.4\u2009\u00b1\u20095.9\u00a0kg) and eight non-BHD (male:female, 4:4; [means\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD] age, 35\u2009\u00b1\u20097\u00a0years; height, 163.9\u2009\u00b1\u20099.1\u00a0cm; body mass, 55.6\u2009\u00b1\u20097.2\u00a0kg) participants were included. Compared to the resting baseline, heart rate (HR) and cardiac output (CO) significantly decreased during the combined trial in the BHD group, while they significantly increased during the combined trials in the non-BHD group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Changes in the HR and CO were significantly lower in the BHD group than in the non-BHD group in the combined trial (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). These results suggest that bradycardia with apnea in BHDs is prioritized over tachycardia with the mechanoreflex, whereas that in non-BHDs is not. This finding implies that diving training changes the interaction between apnea and the mechanoreflex in cardiovascular control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-024-05431-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T08:02:02Z","timestamp":1709625722000},"page":"2183-2192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The interaction of breath holding and muscle mechanoreflex on cardiovascular responses in breath-hold divers and non-breath-hold divers"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Nakamura","family":"Nobuhiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Heng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9814-3530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayashi","family":"Naoyuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"5431_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1969.tb04394.x","volume":"75","author":"H Aars","year":"1969","unstructured":"Aars H (1969) Relationship between aortic diameter and aortic baroreceptor activity in normal and hypertensive rabbits. 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