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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of acute caffeine supplementation on cycling time to exhaustion and thermoregulation in the heat.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In a double-blind, randomised, cross-over trial, 12 healthy caffeine-habituated and unacclimatised males cycled to exhaustion in the heat (35\u00a0\u00b0C, 40% RH) at an intensity associated with the thermoneutral gas exchange threshold, on two separate occasions, 60\u00a0min after ingesting caffeine (5\u00a0mg\/kg) or placebo (5\u00a0mg\/kg).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>There was no effect of caffeine supplementation on cycling time to exhaustion (TTE) (caffeine; 28.5\u2009\u00b1\u20098.3\u00a0min <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. placebo; 29.9\u2009\u00b1\u20098.8\u00a0min, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.251). Caffeine increased pulmonary oxygen uptake by 7.4% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003), heat production by 7.9% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.004), whole-body sweat rate (WBSR) by 21% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.008), evaporative heat transfer by 16.5% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.006) and decreased estimated skin blood flow by 14.1% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) compared to placebo. Core temperature was higher by 0.6% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.013) but thermal comfort decreased by \u2212 18.3% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.040), in the caffeine condition, with no changes in rate of perceived exertion (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The greater heat production and storage, as indicated by a sustained increase in core temperature, corroborate previous research showing a thermogenic effect of caffeine ingestion. When exercising at the pre-determined gas exchange threshold in the heat, 5\u00a0mg\/kg of caffeine did not provide a performance benefit and increased the thermal strain of participants.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-024-05460-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T13:03:06Z","timestamp":1712149386000},"page":"2489-2502","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Caffeine ingestion compromises thermoregulation and does not improve cycling time to exhaustion in the heat amongst males"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Kevin","family":"John","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayyam","family":"Kathuria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Peel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joe","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robyn","family":"Aitkenhead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aimee","family":"Felstead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shane M.","family":"Heffernan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Owen","family":"Jeffries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Tallent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2720-4615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Waldron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"5460_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020286","volume":"11","author":"M Aguilar-Navarro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aguilar-Navarro M, Mu\u00f1oz G, Salinero JJ, Mu\u00f1oz-Guerra J, Fern\u00e1ndez-\u00e1lvarez M, Plata MDM, Del Coso J (2019) Urine caffeine concentration in doping control samples from 2004 to 2015. 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