{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:51:23Z","timestamp":1787064683641,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,15]],"date-time":"2024-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718409600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,15]],"date-time":"2024-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024311","name":"College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Start up funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Start up funds"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024311","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024311","name":"College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Catarina Rendeiro"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Catarina Rendeiro"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024311","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024311","name":"College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024311","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Appl Physiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Endothelial dysfunction is an early predictor of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is the gold\u00a0standard to assess endothelial function in humans. FMD reproducibility has been mainly assessed in the brachial artery (BA) with limited research in lower limb arteries. The purpose of this study was to compare FMD reproducibility in the upper limb BA and lower limb superficial femoral artery (SFA) in young healthy adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Fifteen young healthy adults (nine males; six females) underwent FMD, resting diameter, velocity, and shear rate measurements on three occasions to determine intra-and inter-day reproducibility in both BA and SFA, assessed by coefficient of variation (CV), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and Bland\u2013Altman plots.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    BA FMD CVs (intra-day: 4.2%; inter-day: 8.7%) and ICCs (intra-day: 0.967; inter-day: 0.903) indicated excellent reproducibility and reliability, while for SFA FMD, both CVs (intra-day: 11.6%; inter-day: 26.7%) and ICCs (intra-day: 0.898; inter-day: 0.651) showed good\/moderate reproducibility and reliability. BA FMD was significantly more reproducible than SFA FMD (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Diameter reproducibility was excellent and similar between arteries, while resting velocity and shear rate have lower reproducibility in the BA compared to SFA. Bland\u2013Altman plots displayed no proportional and fixed bias between measurements.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In summary, SFA FMD is less reproducible than BA FMD, with identical volume of ultrasound training. Given the increasing interest in using SFA FMD to test the efficacy of interventions targeting lower limb\u2019s vascular health and as a potential biomarker for peripheral arterial disease risk, future studies should ensure higher levels of training for adequate reproducibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-024-05517-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,15]],"date-time":"2024-06-15T08:01:52Z","timestamp":1718438512000},"page":"3265-3278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Variability of flow-mediated dilation across lower and upper limb conduit arteries"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Alessio","family":"Daniele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel J. E.","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1225-7105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Rendeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"5517_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-017-3738-2","volume":"117","author":"KD Ballard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ballard KD, Duguid RM, Berry CW, Dey P, Bruno RS, Ward RM, Timmerman KL (2017) Effects of prior aerobic exercise on sitting-induced vascular dysfunction in healthy men. Eur J Appl Physiol 117:2509\u20132518","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"20","key":"5517_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10439","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO02017C","volume":"13","author":"M Bapir","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bapir M, Untracht GR, Cooke D, McVey JH, Skene SS, Campagnolo P, Whyte MB, Dikaios N, Rodriguez-Mateos A, Sampson DD (2022a) Cocoa flavanol consumption improves lower extremity endothelial function in healthy individuals and people with type 2 diabetes. Food Funct 13(20):10439\u201310448","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"issue":"12","key":"5517_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.3390\/life12122023","volume":"12","author":"M Bapir","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bapir M, Untracht GR, Hunt JE, McVey JH, Harris J, Skene SS, Campagnolo P, Dikaios N, Rodriguez-Mateos A, Sampson DD (2022b) Age-dependent decline in common femoral artery flow-mediated dilation and wall shear stress in healthy subjects. Life 12(12):2023","journal-title":"Life"},{"issue":"4","key":"5517_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00118.2005","volume":"99","author":"MW Bleeker","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bleeker MW, De Groot PC, Rongen GA, Rittweger J, Felsenberg D, Smits P, Hopman MT (2005) Vascular adaptation to deconditioning and the effect of an exercise countermeasure: results of the Berlin Bed Rest study. J Appl Physiol 99(4):1293\u20131300","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5517_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X211001934","volume":"26","author":"A Bodker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bodker A, Visotcky A, Gutterman D, Widlansky ME, Kulinski J (2021) The impact of standing desks on cardiometabolic and vascular health. Vasc Med 26(4):374\u2013382","journal-title":"Vasc Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"5517_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00837.2013","volume":"115","author":"LJ Boyle","year":"2013","unstructured":"Boyle LJ, Credeur DP, Jenkins NT, Padilla J, Leidy HJ, Thyfault JP, Fadel PJ (2013) Impact of reduced daily physical activity on conduit artery flow-mediated dilation and circulating endothelial microparticles. J Appl Physiol 115(10):1519\u20131525","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5517_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.5935\/1518-0557.20140022","volume":"18","author":"AH Brand\u00e3o","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brand\u00e3o AH, Serra PJ, Zanolla K, Cabral AC, Geber S (2014) Variation of endothelial function during the menstrual cycle evaluated by flow-mediated dilatation of brachial artery. JBRA Assisted Reproduction 18(4):148","journal-title":"JBRA Assisted Reproduction"},{"key":"5517_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caldwell AR,  Jansen LT, Rosa-Caldwell ME, Howie EK, Gallagher KM, Turner RC, Ganio MS (2020) Combined effects of standing and passive heating on attenuating sitting-induced vascular dysfunction. bioRxiv: 2020.2004. 2030.060087","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.30.060087"},{"issue":"16","key":"5517_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14190","volume":"7","author":"SE Carter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carter SE, Draijer R, Holder SM, Brown L, Thijssen DH, Hopkins ND (2019) Effect of different walking break strategies on superficial femoral artery endothelial function. Physiol Rep 7(16):e14190","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"issue":"8828","key":"5517_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)93147-F","volume":"340","author":"DS Celermajer","year":"1992","unstructured":"Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Gooch VM, Spiegelhalter D, Miller O, Sullivan I, Lloyd J, Deanfield J (1992) Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis. The Lancet 340(8828):1111\u20131115","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"45","key":"5517_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3501","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht223","volume":"34","author":"M Charakida","year":"2013","unstructured":"Charakida M, de Groot E, Loukogeorgakis SP, Khan T, L\u00fcscher T, Kastelein JJ, Gasser T, Deanfield JE (2013) Variability and reproducibility of flow-mediated dilatation in a multicentre clinical trial. Eur Heart J 34(45):3501\u20133507","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"6","key":"5517_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00544.2018","volume":"125","author":"RE Climie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Climie RE, Wheeler MJ, Grace M, Lambert EA, Cohen N, Owen N, Kingwell BA, Dunstan DW, Green DJ (2018) Simple intermittent resistance activity mitigates the detrimental effect of prolonged unbroken sitting on arterial function in overweight and obese adults. J Appl Physiol 125(6):1787\u20131794","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5517_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(01)01746-6","volume":"39","author":"MC Corretti","year":"2002","unstructured":"Corretti MC, Anderson TJ, Benjamin EJ, Celermajer D, Charbonneau F, Creager MA, Deanfield J, Drexler H, Gerhard-Herman M, Herrington D (2002) Guidelines for the ultrasound assessment of endothelial-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery: a report of the International Brachial Artery Reactivity Task Force. J Am Coll Cardiol 39(2):257\u2013265","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5517_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3280109287","volume":"25","author":"D Craiem","year":"2007","unstructured":"Craiem D, Chironi G, Gariepy J, Miranda-Lacet J, Levenson J, Simon A (2007) New monitoring software for larger clinical application of brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilatation measurements. J Hypertens 25(1):133\u2013140","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"5517_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daniele A, Lucas  SJ, Rendeiro C  (2022) Detrimental effects of physical inactivity on peripheral and brain vasculature in humans: Insights into mechanisms, long-term health consequences and protective strategies. Frontiers in Physiology: 1947.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.998380"},{"issue":"5","key":"5517_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.90837.2008","volume":"105","author":"EA Dawson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dawson EA, Whyte GP, Black MA, Jones H, Hopkins N, Oxborough D, Gaze D, Shave RE, Wilson M, George KP (2008) Changes in vascular and cardiac function after prolonged strenuous exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol 105(5):1562\u20131568","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"5517_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000174890.13395.e7","volume":"37","author":"P de Groot","year":"2005","unstructured":"de Groot P, Crozier J, Rakobowchuk M, Hopman M, MacDonald M (2005) Electrical stimulation alters FMD and arterial compliance in extremely inactive legs. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37(8):1356\u20131364","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"3","key":"5517_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-5629(02)00709-3","volume":"29","author":"NM De Roos","year":"2003","unstructured":"De Roos NM, Bots ML, Schouten EG, Katan MB (2003) Within-subject variability of flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery in healthy men and women: implications for experimental studies. Ultrasound Med Biol 29(3):401\u2013406","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"issue":"20","key":"5517_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.02.044","volume":"51","author":"AE Donald","year":"2008","unstructured":"Donald AE, Halcox JP, Charakida M, Storry C, Wallace SM, Cole TJ, Friberg P, Deanfield JE (2008) Methodological approaches to optimize reproducibility and power in clinical studies of flow-mediated dilation. J Am Coll Cardiol 51(20):1959\u20131964","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"508","key":"5517_CR20","first-page":"826","volume":"54","author":"JC Dumville","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dumville JC, Lee AJ, Smith FB, Fowkes FGR (2004) The health-related quality of life of people with peripheral arterial disease in the community: the Edinburgh Artery Study. Br J Gen Pract 54(508):826\u2013831","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"5517_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.4960220610","volume":"22","author":"H Etsuda","year":"1999","unstructured":"Etsuda H, Takase B, Kusano H, Hamabe A, Kuhara R, Akima T, Matsushima Y, Arakawa K, Satomura K, Ohsuzu F (1999) Morning attenuation of endothelium-dependent, flow-mediated dilation in healthy young men: Possible connection to morning peak of cardiac events? Clin Cardiol 22(6):417\u2013421","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"5517_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F\u00e9l\u00e9tou, M. (2011). \"The endothelium, Part I: Multiple functions of the endothelial cells--focus on endothelium-derived vasoactive mediators.\"","DOI":"10.4199\/C00031ED1V01Y201105ISP019"},{"issue":"1","key":"5517_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-023-00553-z","volume":"9","author":"L Fuertes-Kenneally","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fuertes-Kenneally L, Manresa-Rocamora A, Blasco-Peris C, Ribeiro F, Sempere-Ruiz N, Sarabia JM, Climent-Paya V (2023) Effects and optimal dose of exercise on endothelial function in patients with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine-Open 9(1):8","journal-title":"Sports Medicine-Open"},{"issue":"7","key":"5517_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e328353f222","volume":"30","author":"L Ghiadoni","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ghiadoni L, Faita F, Salvetti M, Cordiano C, Biggi A, Puato M, Di Monaco A, De Siati L, Volpe M, Ambrosio G (2012) Assessment of flow-mediated dilation reproducibility: a nationwide multicenter study. J Hypertens 30(7):1399\u20131405","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"4","key":"5517_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X11411361","volume":"16","author":"BB Gibbs","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gibbs BB, Dobrosielski DA, Lima M, Bonekamp S, Stewart KJ, Clark JM (2011) The association of arterial shear and flow-mediated dilation in diabetes. Vasc Med 16(4):267\u2013274","journal-title":"Vasc Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"5517_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02044","volume":"63","author":"DJ Green","year":"2014","unstructured":"Green DJ, Dawson EA, Groenewoud HM, Jones H, Thijssen DH (2014) Is flow-mediated dilation nitric oxide mediated? A meta-analysis. Hypertension 63(2):376\u2013382","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"5","key":"5517_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.150821","volume":"55","author":"RA Harris","year":"2010","unstructured":"Harris RA, Nishiyama SK, Wray DW, Richardson RS (2010) Ultrasound assessment of flow-mediated dilation. Hypertension 55(5):1075\u20131085","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"12","key":"5517_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3431","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.92.12.3431","volume":"92","author":"M Hashimoto","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hashimoto M, Akishita M, Eto M, Ishikawa M, Kozaki K, Toba K, Sagara Y, Taketani Y, Orimo H, Ouchi Y (1995) Modulation of endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery by sex and menstrual cycle. Circulation 92(12):3431\u20133435","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"5517_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.114.001472","volume":"4","author":"Y Heinen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Heinen Y, Stegemann E, Sansone R, Benedens K, Wagstaff R, Balzer J, Rassaf T, Lauer T, Kelm M, Heiss C (2015) Local association between endothelial dysfunction and intimal hyperplasia: relevance in peripheral artery disease. J Am Heart Assoc 4(2):e001472","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"5517_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1177\/174182670100800512","volume":"8","author":"DM Herrington","year":"2001","unstructured":"Herrington DM, Fan L, Drum M, Riley WA, Pusser BE, Crouse JR, Burke GL, McBurnie MA, Morgan TM, Espeland MA (2001) Brachial flow-mediated vasodilator responses in population-based research: methods, reproducibility and effects of age, gender and baseline diameter. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 8(5):319\u2013328","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"5517_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(00)00748-6","volume":"157","author":"M Hijmering","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hijmering M, Stroes E, Pasterkamp G, Sierevogel M, Banga J, Rabelink T (2001) Variability of flow mediated dilation: consequences for clinical application. Atherosclerosis 157(2):369\u2013373","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"3","key":"5517_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1427","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00567.2006","volume":"292","author":"WG Hundley","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hundley WG, Bayram E, Hamilton CA, Hamilton EA, Morgan TM, Darty SN, Stewart KP, Link KM, Herrington DM, Kitzman DW (2007) Leg flow-mediated arterial dilation in elderly patients with heart failure and normal left ventricular ejection fraction. Am J Physiol-Heart Circulatory Physiol 292(3):H1427\u2013H1434","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Heart Circulatory Physiol"},{"key":"5517_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-010-9616-1","volume":"26","author":"Y Inaba","year":"2010","unstructured":"Inaba Y, Chen JA, Bergmann SR (2010) Prediction of future cardiovascular outcomes by flow-mediated vasodilatation of brachial artery: a meta-analysis. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 26:631\u2013640","journal-title":"Int J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"issue":"3","key":"5517_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.5339\/gcsp.2014.43","volume":"2014","author":"R Jay Widmer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jay Widmer R, Lerman A (2014) Endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Global Cardiol Sci Practice 2014(3):43","journal-title":"Global Cardiol Sci Practice"},{"issue":"2","key":"5517_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","volume":"15","author":"TK Koo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koo TK, Li MY (2016) A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. J Chiropr Med 15(2):155\u2013163","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"5517_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.145722","volume":"586","author":"M Kooijman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kooijman M, Thijssen D, De Groot P, Bleeker M, Van Kuppevelt H, Green D, Rongen G, Smits P, Hopman M (2008) Flow-mediated dilatation in the superficial femoral artery is nitric oxide mediated in humans. J Physiol 586(4):1137\u20131145","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"18","key":"5517_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4411","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20184411","volume":"20","author":"A Kr\u00fcger-Genge","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kr\u00fcger-Genge A, Blocki A, Franke R-P, Jung F (2019) Vascular endothelial cell biology: an update. Int J Mol Sci 20(18):4411","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"5517_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1307","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00792.2002","volume":"284","author":"MH Laughlin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Laughlin MH, Turk JR, Schrage WG, Woodman CR, Price EM (2003) Influence of coronary artery diameter on eNOS protein content. Am J Physiology-Heart Circulatory Physiol 284(4):H1307\u2013H1312","journal-title":"Am J Physiology-Heart Circulatory Physiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"5517_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219854","volume":"14","author":"D Liljequist","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liljequist D, Elfving B, Skavberg Roaldsen K (2019) Intraclass correlation\u2013A discussion and demonstration of basic features. PLoS ONE 14(7):e0219854","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"5517_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12772","volume":"4","author":"KM McLay","year":"2016","unstructured":"McLay KM, Nederveen JP, Pogliaghi S, Paterson DH, Murias JM (2016) Repeatability of vascular responsiveness measures derived from near-infrared spectroscopy. Physiol Rep 4(9):e12772","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"5517_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meirelles CdM, Leite SP, Montenegro CAB, Gomes PSC (2007) Reliability of brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation measurement using ultrasound. Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia 89: 176-183","DOI":"10.1590\/S0066-782X2007001500006"},{"key":"5517_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohd Azmi NAS, Juliana N, Azmani S, Mohd Effendy N, Abu IF, Mohd Fahmi Teng NI, Das S (2021) Cortisol on circadian rhythm and its effect on cardiovascular system. Int J Environ Res Publ Health 18(2): 676","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020676"},{"key":"5517_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morley RL, Sharma A, Horsch AD, Hinchliffe RJ (2018) Peripheral artery disease. Bmj 360.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j5842"},{"issue":"18","key":"5517_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11242","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811242","volume":"19","author":"S Mu\u0107ka","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mu\u0107ka S, Miodo\u0144ska M, Jakubiak GK, Starzak M, Cie\u015blar G, Stanek A (2022) Endothelial function assessment by flow-mediated dilation method: a valuable tool in the evaluation of the cardiovascular system. Int J Environ Res Publ Health 19(18):11242","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Publ Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"5517_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2011-068","volume":"23","author":"M Mudau","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mudau M, Genis A, Lochner A, Strijdom H (2012) Endothelial dysfunction: the early predictor of atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc J Afr 23(4):222\u2013231","journal-title":"Cardiovasc J Afr"},{"issue":"7","key":"5517_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2021.02.010","volume":"24","author":"LH Naylor","year":"2021","unstructured":"Naylor LH, Spence AL, Donker SC, Thijssen DH, Green DJ (2021) Is there an athlete\u2019s artery? A comparison of brachial and femoral artery structure and function in male strength, power and endurance athletes. J Sci Med Sport 24(7):635\u2013640","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"4","key":"5517_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1833","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01108.2007","volume":"294","author":"SC Newcomer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Newcomer SC, Sauder CL, Kuipers NT, Laughlin MH, Ray C (2008) Effects of posture on shear rates in human brachial and superficial femoral arteries. Am J Physiol-Heart Circulatory Physiol 294(4):H1833\u2013H1839","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Heart Circulatory Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5517_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2014.02.001","volume":"190","author":"EV Nosova","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nosova EV, Yen P, Chong KC, Alley HF, Stock EO, Quinn A, Hellmann J, Conte MS, Owens CD, Spite M (2014) Short-term physical inactivity impairs vascular function. J Surg Res 190(2):672\u2013682","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"5517_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2687","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-023-05332-y","volume":"123","author":"MW O\u2019Brien","year":"2023","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien MW, Shivgulam ME (2023) Mechanistic, participant, and movement-related factors that contribute to low-flow-mediated constriction. Eur J Appl Physiol 123(12):2687\u20132697","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5517_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00092.2019","volume":"127","author":"MW O\u2019Brien","year":"2019","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien MW, Johns JA, Robinson SA, Mekary S, Kimmerly DS (2019) Relationship between brachial and popliteal artery low-flow-mediated constriction in older adults: impact of aerobic fitness on vascular endothelial function. J Appl Physiol 127(1):134\u2013142","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5517_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X12436708","volume":"17","author":"S Onkelinx","year":"2012","unstructured":"Onkelinx S, Cornelissen V, Goetschalckx K, Thomaes T, Verhamme P, Vanhees L (2012) Reproducibility of different methods to measure the endothelial function. Vasc Med 17(2):79\u201384","journal-title":"Vasc Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"5517_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000128207.26863.C4","volume":"109","author":"ME Otto","year":"2004","unstructured":"Otto ME, Svatikova A, Barretto RBdM, Santos S, Hoffmann M, Khandheria B, Somers V (2004) Early morning attenuation of endothelial function in healthy humans. Circulation 109(21):2507\u20132510","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"5517_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X12450095","volume":"17","author":"KL Parkhurst","year":"2012","unstructured":"Parkhurst KL, Lin H-F, DeVan AE, Barnes JN, Tarumi T, Tanaka H (2012) Contribution of blood viscosity in the assessment of flow-mediated dilation and arterial stiffness. Vasc Med 17(4):231\u2013234","journal-title":"Vasc Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"5517_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.089755","volume":"568","author":"KE Pyke","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pyke KE, Tschakovsky ME (2005) The relationship between shear stress and flow-mediated dilatation: implications for the assessment of endothelial function. J Physiol 568(2):357\u2013369","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"5517_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.7502","volume":"9","author":"P Rajendran","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rajendran P, Rengarajan T, Thangavel J, Nishigaki Y, Sakthisekaran D, Sethi G, Nishigaki I (2013) The vascular endothelium and human diseases. Int J Biol Sci 9(10):1057","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"5517_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40885-017-0073-1","volume":"23","author":"B Ratcliffe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ratcliffe B, Pawlak R, Morales F, Harrison C, Gurovich AN (2017) Internal validation of an automated system for brachial and femoral flow mediated dilation. Clin Hypertension 23(1):1\u20136","journal-title":"Clin Hypertension"},{"issue":"7","key":"5517_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1113\/EP085238","volume":"100","author":"RM Restaino","year":"2015","unstructured":"Restaino RM, Holwerda SW, Credeur DP, Fadel PJ, Padilla J (2015) Impact of prolonged sitting on lower and upper limb micro-and macrovascular dilator function. Exp Physiol 100(7):829\u2013838","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"5517_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.2174\/1874192401004010302","volume":"4","author":"A Sandoo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sandoo A, Van Zanten JJV, Metsios GS, Carroll D, Kitas GD (2010) The endothelium and its role in regulating vascular tone. Open Cardiovasc Med J 4:302","journal-title":"Open Cardiovasc Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"5517_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/phy2.193","volume":"2","author":"TH Schreuder","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schreuder TH, Green DJ, Hopman MT, Thijssen DH (2014) Acute impact of retrograde shear rate on brachial and superficial femoral artery flow-mediated dilation in humans. Physiol Rep 2(1):e00193","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"5517_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(01)01649-7","volume":"38","author":"HA Silber","year":"2001","unstructured":"Silber HA, Bluemke DA, Ouyang P, Du YP, Post WS, Lima JA (2001) The relationship between vascular wall shear stress and flow-mediated dilation: endothelial function assessed by phase-contrast magnetic resonance angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 38(7):1859\u20131865","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"5517_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1020","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30255-4","volume":"7","author":"P Song","year":"2019","unstructured":"Song P, Rudan D, Zhu Y, Fowkes FJ, Rahimi K, Fowkes FGR, Rudan I (2019) Global, regional, and national prevalence and risk factors for peripheral artery disease in 2015: an updated systematic review and analysis. Lancet Glob Health 7(8):e1020\u2013e1030","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"5517_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.74.3.247","volume":"74","author":"KE Sorensen","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sorensen KE, Celermajer DS, Spiegelhalter DJ, Georgakopoulos D, Robinson J, Thomas O, Deanfield JE (1995) Non-invasive measurement of human endothelium dependent arterial responses: accuracy and reproducibility. Heart 74(3):247\u2013253","journal-title":"Heart"},{"issue":"5","key":"5517_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1927","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00405.2008","volume":"295","author":"DH Thijssen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thijssen DH, Dawson EA, Black MA, Hopman MT, Cable NT, Green DJ (2008) Heterogeneity in conduit artery function in humans: impact of arterial size. Am J Physiol-Heart Circulatory Physiol 295(5):H1927\u2013H1934","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Heart Circulatory Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5517_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H2","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00471.2010","volume":"300","author":"DH Thijssen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thijssen DH, Black MA, Pyke KE, Padilla J, Atkinson G, Harris RA, Parker B, Widlansky ME, Tschakovsky ME, Green DJ (2011) Assessment of flow-mediated dilation in humans: a methodological and physiological guideline. Am J Physiol-Heart Circulatory Physiol 300(1):H2\u2013H12","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Heart Circulatory Physiol"},{"issue":"30","key":"5517_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz350","volume":"40","author":"DH Thijssen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thijssen DH, Bruno RM, van Mil AC, Holder SM, Faita F, Greyling A, Zock PL, Taddei S, Deanfield JE, Luscher T (2019) Expert consensus and evidence-based recommendations for the assessment of flow-mediated dilation in humans. Eur Heart J 40(30):2534\u20132547","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"1","key":"5517_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-7120-12-50","volume":"12","author":"SS Thosar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thosar SS, Bielko SL, Wiggins CC, Wallace JP (2014) Differences in brachial and femoral artery responses to prolonged sitting. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 12(1):1\u20137","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Ultrasound"},{"key":"5517_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thosar, S. S., S. L. Bielko, K. J. Mather, J. D. Johnston and J. P. Wallace (2015). \"Effect of prolonged sitting and breaks in sitting time on endothelial function.\"","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000479"},{"issue":"9","key":"5517_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001012","volume":"34","author":"AC van Mil","year":"2016","unstructured":"van Mil AC, Greyling A, Zock PL, Geleijnse JM, Hopman MT, Mensink RP, Reesink KD, Green DJ, Ghiadoni L, Thijssen DH (2016) Impact of volunteer-related and methodology-related factors on the reproducibility of brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation: analysis of 672 individual repeated measurements. J Hypertens 34(9):1738\u20131745","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"5","key":"5517_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11050954","volume":"11","author":"MA Walker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Walker MA, Bailey TG, McIlvenna L, Allen JD, Green DJ, Askew CD (2019) Acute dietary nitrate supplementation improves flow mediated dilatation of the superficial femoral artery in healthy older males. Nutrients 11(5):954","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"5517_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-015-0124-z","volume":"15","author":"JW Yau","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yau JW, Teoh H, Verma S (2015) Endothelial cell control of thrombosis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 15(1):1\u201311","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Applied Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-024-05517-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00421-024-05517-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-024-05517-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T13:05:02Z","timestamp":1730120702000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00421-024-05517-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,15]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["5517"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-024-05517-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1439-6319","1439-6327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1439-6319","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-6327","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 May 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration"}},{"value":"All authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}