{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:31:04Z","timestamp":1790793064023,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717372800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Appl Physiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Chewing duration can affect food particle size, gastric processing, and postprandial glycemia, but these effects have not been investigated with exercise. This study examined how the chewing duration of a food bar impacts glycemic and metabolic responses, gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, psychological affect, and performance during endurance running.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This randomized, unblinded, crossover study had 15 males (35.2\u2009\u00b1\u20097.4\u00a0years, VO<jats:sub>2peak<\/jats:sub>: 56.1\u2009\u00b1\u20095.2\u00a0ml\/kg\/min) attend three laboratory visits. Visit 1 required a VO<jats:sub>2peak<\/jats:sub> test, 10\u00a0min familiarization run at 60% VO<jats:sub>2peak<\/jats:sub>, and familiarization time-to-exhaustion (TTE) test (10\u00a0min at 90% VO<jats:sub>2peak<\/jats:sub>, followed by TTE at 100% VO<jats:sub>2peak<\/jats:sub>). Visits 2 and 3 consisted of a 60\u00a0min run at 60% VO<jats:sub>2peak<\/jats:sub>, followed by TTE testing. Participants were fed 45\u00a0g of a bar (180\u00a0kcal, 4\u00a0g fat, 33\u00a0g carbohydrate, 3\u00a0g protein, 1\u00a0g fiber) in 9\u00a0g servings 30\u00a0min before running, and 27\u00a0g of bar in 9\u00a0g servings at three timepoints during the 60\u00a0min run. Participants consumed the servings in 20 (20CHEW) or 40 (40CHEW) masticatory cycles, at 1 chew\/second. Outcomes included blood glucose, substrate use, GI symptoms, perceived exertion (RPE), overall feeling, and TTE.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Post-prandial blood glucose, GI symptoms, and RPE increased over time, but there were no significant between-condition or condition-by-time effects. TTE showed no significant between-condition effect (20CHEW: 288\u2009\u00b1\u2009133\u00a0s; 40CHEW: 335\u2009\u00b1\u2009299\u00a0s; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.240). Overall feeling demonstrated a time-by-condition effect (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.006), suggesting possible better maintenance over time with 40CHEW.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Cumulatively, the results suggest that extended chewing minimally impacts physiology, perceptions, and performance during 60\u00a0min moderate-intensity running.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-024-05521-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T18:02:17Z","timestamp":1717437737000},"page":"3125-3133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of food bar chewing duration on the physiologic, metabolic, and perceptual responses to moderate-intensity running"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Geaney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary A.","family":"Sievert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. David","family":"Branch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4052-5023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick B.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"5521_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.7601","volume":"96","author":"M Boland","year":"2006","unstructured":"Boland M (2006) Human digestion\u2014a processing perspective. J Sci Food Agric 96(7):2275\u20132283","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"issue":"11","key":"5521_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0079-0","volume":"43","author":"NM Cermak","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cermak NM, van Loon LJC (2013) The use of carbohydrates during exercise as an ergogenic aid. Sports Med 43(11):1139\u20131155","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5521_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1249\/00003677-199101000-00001","volume":"19","author":"AR Coggan","year":"1991","unstructured":"Coggan AR, Coyle EF (1991) Carbohydrate ingestion during prolonged exercise: effects on metabolism and performance. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 19(1):1\u201340","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"5521_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200010000-00019","volume":"32","author":"HN Daries","year":"2000","unstructured":"Daries HN, Noakes TD, Dennis SC (2000) Effect of fluid intake volume on 2\u00a0h running performances in a 25\u00a0degrees C environment. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32(10):1783\u20131789","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"9","key":"5521_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2020-0883","volume":"46","author":"KH Edwards","year":"2021","unstructured":"Edwards KH, Ahuja KD, Watson G et al (2021) The influence of exercise intensity and exercise mode on gastrointestinal damage. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 46(9):1105\u20131110","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"5521_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00393.2022","volume":"134","author":"SK Gaskell","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gaskell SK, Burgell R, Wiklendt L, Dinning PG, Costa RJS (2023) Impact of exercise duration on gastrointestinal function and symptoms. J Appl Physiol 134(1):160\u2013171","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5521_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2016-0211","volume":"27","author":"M Guillochon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guillochon M, Rowlands DS (2017) Solid, gel, and liquid carbohydrate format effects on gut comfort and performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 27(3):247\u2013254","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"5521_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.11.3.304","volume":"11","author":"CJ Hardy","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hardy CJ, Rejeski WJ (1989) Not what, but how one feels: the measurement of affect during exercise. J Sport Exerc Psychol 11(3):304\u2013317","journal-title":"J Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5521_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2007.01789.x","volume":"35","author":"Y Hattori","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hattori Y, Mito Y, Watanabe M (2008) Gastric emptying rate in subjects with experimentally shortened dental arches: a pilot study. J Oral Rehabil 35(6):402\u2013407","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"5521_CR10","first-page":"828","volume":"276","author":"JF Horowitz","year":"1999","unstructured":"Horowitz JF, Mora-Rodriguez R, Byerley LO, Coyle EF (1999) Substrate metabolism when subjects are fed carbohydrate during exercise. Am J Physiol 276(5):828\u2013835","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5521_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-51048-6","volume":"14","author":"N Inamura","year":"2024","unstructured":"Inamura N, Taniguchi H, Yoshida S, Nishioka M, Ishihara K (2024) A comparative observational study of carbohydrate intake and continuous blood glucose levels in relation to performance in ultramarathon. Sci Rep 14(1):1089. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-51048-6","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"5521_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-830512","volume":"26","author":"AE Jeukendrup","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jeukendrup AE, Wallis GA (2005) Measurement of substrate oxidation during exercise by means of gas exchange measurements. Int J Sports Med 26(1):28\u201337","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"5521_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.01.048","volume":"119","author":"EC Ketel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ketel EC, Aguayo-Mendoza MG, de Wijk RA, de Graaf C, Piqueras-Fiszman B, Stieger M (2019) Age, gender, ethnicity and eating capability influence oral processing behaviour of liquid, semi-solid and solid foods differently. Food Res Int 119:143\u2013151","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"issue":"7","key":"5521_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1053\/meta.2001.24191","volume":"50","author":"JP Kirwan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kirwan JP, Cyr-Campbell D, Campbell WW, Scheiber J, Evans WJ (2001) Effects of moderate and high glycemic index meals on metabolism and exercise performance. Metabolism 50(7):849\u2013855","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"8","key":"5521_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12073","volume":"40","author":"S Koike","year":"2013","unstructured":"Koike S, Sujino T, Ohmori H, Shimazaki K, Fukuyama E, Kanai T, Ono T (2013) Gastric emptying rate in subjects with malocclusion examined by [13C] breath test. J Oral Rehabil 40(8):574\u2013581","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"issue":"33","key":"5521_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11987","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2098245","volume":"63","author":"A Kumar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kumar A, Almotairy N, Merzo JJ et al (2022) Chewing and its influence on swallowing, gastrointestinal and nutrition-related factors: a systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 63(33):11987\u201312017","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"5521_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2021-0088","volume":"80","author":"I Mart\u00ednez-Navarro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Navarro I, Montoya-Vieco A, Collado E, Hernando B, Hernando C (2021) Pacing and body weight changes during a mountain ultramarathon: sex differences and performance. J Hum Kinet 80:71\u201382","journal-title":"J Hum Kinet"},{"issue":"8","key":"5521_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199308000-00013","volume":"25","author":"WL Mason","year":"1993","unstructured":"Mason WL, McConell G, Hargreaves M (1993) Carbohydrate ingestion during exercise: liquid vs solid feedings. Med Sci Sports Exerc 25(8):966\u2013969","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"3","key":"5521_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.11.3.116","volume":"11","author":"JL Mayhew","year":"1977","unstructured":"Mayhew JL (1977) Oxygen cost and energy expenditure of running in trained runners. Br J Sports Med 11(3):116\u2013121","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5521_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.1992.tb00937.x","volume":"7","author":"P Mercier","year":"1992","unstructured":"Mercier P, Poitras P (1992) Gastrointestinal symptoms and masticatory dysfunction. J Gastro Hepatol 7(1):61\u201365","journal-title":"J Gastro Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5521_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1177\/0810179","volume":"81","author":"P Pera","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pera P, Bucca C, Bernocco DL, A, Carossa S, (2002) Influence of mastication on gastric emptying. J Dent Res 81(3):179\u2013181","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"5521_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181e0efc9","volume":"42","author":"B Pfeiffer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pfeiffer B, Stellingwerff T, Zaltas E, Jeukendrup AE (2010) Oxidation of solid versus liquid CHO sources during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exercise 42(11):2030\u20132037","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exercise"},{"issue":"6","key":"5521_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1159\/000201280","volume":"56","author":"PM Poitras","year":"1995","unstructured":"Poitras PM, Boivin M, Morais J, Picard M, Mercier P (1995) Gastric emptying of solid food in edentulous patients. Digestion 56(6):483\u2013487","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"issue":"1","key":"5521_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2013.231","volume":"68","author":"V Ranawana","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ranawana V, Leow MK, Henry CJK (2014) Mastication effects on the glycaemic index: impact on variability and practical implications. Eur J Clin Nutr 68(1):137\u2013139","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"5521_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1139\/h2012-013","volume":"37","author":"DS Rowlands","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rowlands DS, Swift M, Ros M, Green JG (2012) Composite versus single transportable carbohydrate solution enhances race and laboratory cycling performance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 37(3):425\u2013436","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"5521_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2013-0302","volume":"9","author":"F Schena","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schena F, Pellegrini B, Tarperi C, Calabria E, Salvagno GL, Capelli C (2014) Running economy during a simulated 60\u00a0km trial. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 9(4):604\u2013609","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"issue":"9","key":"5521_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12812","volume":"46","author":"P Sumonsiri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sumonsiri P, Thongudomporn U, Paphangkorakit J, Premprabha T (2019) Assessment of the relationship between masticatory performance, occlusal contact area, chewing time and cycles, and gastric emptying scintigraphy in dentate subjects. J Oral Rehabil 46(9):787\u2013791","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"5521_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-0976-0","volume":"55","author":"VMH Tan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tan VMH, Ooi DSQ, Kapur J, Wu T, Chan YH, Henry CJ, Lee YS (2016) The role of digestive factors in determining glycemic response in a multiethnic Asian population. Eur J Nutr 55(4):1573\u20131581","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"5521_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.37.2.216","volume":"37","author":"R Vincent","year":"1995","unstructured":"Vincent R, Roberts A, Frier M, Perkins AC, MacDonald IA, Spiller RC (1995) Effect of bran particle size on gastric emptying and small bowel transit in humans: a scintigraphic study. Gut 37(2):216\u2013219","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"9","key":"5521_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002344","volume":"52","author":"J Wagner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wagner J, Niemeyer M, Infanger D et al (2020) New data-based cutoffs for maximal exercise criteria across the lifespan. Med Sci Sports Exerc 52(9):1915\u20131923","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"4","key":"5521_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2016-0305","volume":"27","author":"PB Wilson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wilson PB (2017) Frequency of chronic gastrointestinal distress in runners: Validity and reliability of a retrospective questionnaire. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 27(4):370\u2013376","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab"},{"issue":"15","key":"5521_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2017.1411175","volume":"36","author":"PB Wilson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wilson PB (2018) Perceived life stress and anxiety correlate with chronic gastrointestinal symptoms in runners. J Sports Sci 36(15):1713\u20131719","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"5521_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e613","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12386","volume":"25","author":"PB Wilson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wilson PB, Ingraham SJ (2015) Glucose-fructose likely improves gastrointestinal comfort and endurance running performance relative to glucose-only. Scan J Med Sci Sports 25(6):e613\u2013e620","journal-title":"Scan J Med Sci Sports"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Applied Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-024-05521-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00421-024-05521-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-024-05521-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]],"date-time":"2024-10-11T00:03:29Z","timestamp":1728605009000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00421-024-05521-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["5521"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-024-05521-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1439-6319","1439-6327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1439-6319","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-6327","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 May 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 June 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The author declare they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}