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The NMES-RT\u2009+\u2009FES group underwent 12\u00a0weeks of surface NMES-RT using ankle weights followed by an additional 12\u00a0weeks of FES-LEC. The PMT\u2009+\u2009FES performed 12\u00a0weeks of passive leg extension movements followed by an additional 12\u00a0weeks of FES-LEC. Using repeated measures design, muscle biopsies of the vastus lateralis were performed at baseline (BL), post-intervention 1 (P1) and post-intervention 2 (P2). Spectrophotometer was used to measure ETC complexes (I-III) and CS using aliquots of the homogenized muscle tissue. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure skeletal muscle CSAs. A time effect was noted on CS <jats:italic>(P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009<jats:italic>0.001<\/jats:italic>) with an interaction between both groups <jats:italic>(P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009<jats:italic>0.01<\/jats:italic>). 46% of the participants per group had zero activities of CI without any changes following both interventions. A time effect was noted in CII (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009<jats:italic>0.023<\/jats:italic>) following both interventions. Finally, NMES-RT\u2009+\u2009FES increased CIII at P1 compared to BL (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.023) without additional changes in P2 or following PMT\u2009+\u2009FES intervention. Skeletal muscle hypertrophy may potentially enhance mitochondrial bioenergetics after SCI. NMES-RT is likely to enhance the activities of complex III in sedentary persons with SCI. Clinical trials # NCT02660073.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-024-05661-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T17:03:33Z","timestamp":1732295013000},"page":"1075-1089","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Skeletal muscle hypertrophy and enhanced mitochondrial bioenergetics following electrical stimulation exercises in spinal cord injury: a randomized clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"125","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9157-6034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashraf S.","family":"Gorgey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Refka E.","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeannie","family":"Rivers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward J.","family":"Lesnefsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"5661_CR1","unstructured":"Ahmad M, Wolberg A & Kahwaji CI. 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