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Serum 25(OH)D levels were analyzed via liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry, and 17 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to vitamin D metabolism were determined using leukocyte DNA. Grip strength was measured unimanually using a hand-held dynamometer. Multiple linear regressions were used to analyze the influence of SNPs, age, sex, season (summer vs. winter), and discipline (indoor vs. outdoor) on 25(OH)D status. Linear regression analyzed the relationship between handgrip strength and serum 25(OH)D levels.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In total, 55.5% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009263) of athletes demonstrated insufficient serum 25(OH)D levels (&lt;\u200930\u00a0ng\/mL,\u2009&lt;\u200975 nmol\/L), with 16% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200976) showing levels below 20\u00a0ng\/mL (50\u00a0nmol\/L). After correction for multiple testing, significant influences on 25(OH)D levels were observed for the C allele of <jats:italic>VDBP<\/jats:italic> rs7041 (AC Genotype: <jats:inline-formula>\n                <jats:alternatives>\n                  <jats:tex-math>$$\\widehat{\\upbeta }$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                  <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                    <mml:mover>\n                      <mml:mi>\u03b2<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mo>^<\/mml:mo>\n                    <\/mml:mover>\n                  <\/mml:math>\n                <\/jats:alternatives>\n              <\/jats:inline-formula>\u00a0=\u00a07.46, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001; CC Genotype: <jats:inline-formula>\n                <jats:alternatives>\n                  <jats:tex-math>$$\\widehat{\\upbeta }$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                  <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                    <mml:mover>\n                      <mml:mi>\u03b2<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mo>^<\/mml:mo>\n                    <\/mml:mover>\n                  <\/mml:math>\n                <\/jats:alternatives>\n              <\/jats:inline-formula>\u00a0=\u00a06.23, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.001). Age (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.01) and discipline (indoor vs. outdoor; all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05) also influenced serum 25(OH)D levels. Furthermore, serum 25(OH)D was positively associated with handgrip strength (<jats:inline-formula>\n                <jats:alternatives>\n                  <jats:tex-math>$$\\widehat{\\upbeta }$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                  <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                    <mml:mover>\n                      <mml:mi>\u03b2<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mo>^<\/mml:mo>\n                    <\/mml:mover>\n                  <\/mml:math>\n                <\/jats:alternatives>\n              <\/jats:inline-formula>=\u20090.01, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A high prevalence of insufficient 25(OH)D levels (&lt;\u200930\u00a0ng\/mL,\u2009&lt;\u200975\u00a0nmol\/L) was observed. We identified certain genetic variants as well as age and discipline as predictors of serum 25(OH)D levels. This knowledge may guide individualized diagnostic, nutritional, and supplementation strategies.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-024-05699-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,4]],"date-time":"2025-01-04T17:17:46Z","timestamp":1736011066000},"page":"1549-1561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Vitamin D status and its determinants in German elite athletes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"125","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1324-9510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Hacker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8690-6526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Lenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1743-0931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas","family":"Reichert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1321-4820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Ringseis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1118-4015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Zentgraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1506-8254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karsten","family":"Kr\u00fcger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"5699_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-16-00464","volume":"26","author":"GD Abrams","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abrams GD, Feldman D, Safran MR (2018) Effects of Vitamin D on skeletal muscle and athletic performance. 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