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While inspiratory effort is hypothesized to have a similar effect due to pressure differences between the intrathoracic and extrathoracic cavities, direct evidence is scarce. Therefore, this study evaluated whether excessive inspiratory effort increases intrathoracic blood volume using end-expiratory lung impedance (EELI).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Volunteers, fitted with electrical impedance tomography (EIT) belts, underwent a spontaneous breathing procedure in the supine position (control step). They breathed through a specialized face mask with separated inspiration and expiration routes (one-way valves) and their EELI was continuously recorded. First, PLR was performed. Subsequently, resistors (3-mm and 2-mm) were sequentially added to the mask\u2019s inspiration route, requiring volunteers to increase inspiratory effort. A reference EELI was established during spontaneous breathing, and changes in EELI (\u0394EELI) were calculated for each step (control, PLR, 3-mm, and 2-mm). \u0394EELI values were compared using the Friedman test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test with Holm\u2019s <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> value adjustment.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Across 11 participants, the mean \u0394EELI decreased by 13, 18, and 19 units for PLR, 3-mm, and 2-mm resistors, respectively. The Friedman test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test revealed significant differences between the control and each aforementioned intervention.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>PLR and increased inspiratory effort augment thoracic blood volume, thereby reducing EELI.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Registration<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>UMIN000054238. April\/23\/2024.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-025-05767-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]],"date-time":"2025-04-05T06:00:04Z","timestamp":1743832804000},"page":"2479-2486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Inspiratory effort increases blood volume in the thoracic cavity and decreases end-expiratory lung impedance: a preliminary prospective study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"125","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"umin000054238","registry":"10.18810\/umin-japan"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0297-9809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayaka","family":"Koyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Irimada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihiro","family":"Kanaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Konno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Kaiho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Takei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazutomo","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutaka","family":"Ejima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masanori","family":"Yamauchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"5767_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-023-01038-w","volume":"83","author":"A Adler","year":"1997","unstructured":"Adler A, Amyot R, Guardo R, Bates JH, Berthiaume Y (1997) Monitoring changes in lung air and liquid volumes with electrical impedance tomography. 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