{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T17:10:12Z","timestamp":1759165812834,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746662400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["180902\u201301","211001-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["180902\u201301","211001-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Appl Physiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-025-05786-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T10:47:45Z","timestamp":1746701265000},"page":"2999-3007","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Self-assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness: evaluation of reliability and validity of a step test eliminating a step board"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"Fumiko","family":"Murai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rina","family":"So","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7498-5848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomoaki","family":"Matsuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"5786_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2024.03.007","volume":"83","author":"R Arena","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arena R, Laddu D, Faghy MA (2024) Cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity: an update of evidence, global status and recommendations. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 83:1\u2013126","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"17","key":"5786_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.08.030","volume":"66","author":"JM Bachmann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bachmann JM, DeFina LF, Franzini L, Gao A, Leonard DS, Cooper KH, Berry JD, Willis BL (2015) Cardiorespiratory fitness in middle age and health care costs in later life. J Am Coll Cardiol 66(17):1876\u20131885. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.08.030","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"5786_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0445-1","volume":"46","author":"H Bennett","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bennett H, Parfitt G, Davison K, Eston R (2016) Validity of submaximal step tests to estimate maximal oxygen uptake in healthy adults. Sports Med 46(5):737\u2013750. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-015-0445-1","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"5786_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2003.005389","volume":"38","author":"JP Buckley","year":"2004","unstructured":"Buckley JP, Sim J, Eston RG, Hession R, Fox R (2004) Reliability and validity of measures taken during the Chester step test to predict aerobic power and to prescribe aerobic exercise. Br J Sports Med 38(2):197\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsm.2003.005389","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"5786_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/59459","author":"P Caserman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Caserman P, Yum S, G\u00f6bel S, Reif A, Matura S (2024) Assessing the accuracy of smartwatch-based estimation of maximum oxygen uptake using the apple watch series 7: validation study. JMIR Biomed Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/59459","journal-title":"JMIR Biomed Eng"},{"key":"5786_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/54871","volume":"13","author":"M Ceugniez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ceugniez M, Devanne H, Hermand E (2025) Reliability and accuracy of the fitbit charge 4 photoplethysmography heart rate sensor in ecological conditions: validation study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 13:e54871. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/54871","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"issue":"12","key":"5786_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0553-6","volume":"46","author":"S Domone","year":"2016","unstructured":"Domone S, Mann S, Sandercock G, Wade M, Beedie C (2016) A method by which to assess the scalability of field-based fitness tests of cardiorespiratory fitness among schoolchildren. Sports Med 46(12):1819\u20131831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-016-0553-6","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"5786_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/16716","volume":"8","author":"P D\u00fcking","year":"2020","unstructured":"D\u00fcking P, Giessing L, Frenkel MO, Koehler K, Holmberg H-C, Sperlich B (2020) Wrist-worn wearables for monitoring heart rate and energy expenditure while sitting or performing light-to-vigorous physical activity: validation study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 8(5):e16716. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/16716","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"issue":"5","key":"5786_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.105.545459","volume":"112","author":"JL Fleg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fleg JL, Morrell CH, Bos AG, Brant LJ, Talbot LA, Wright JG, Lakatta EG (2005) Accelerated longitudinal decline of aerobic capacity in healthy older adults. Circulation 112(5):674\u2013682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/circulationaha.105.545459","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"5786_CR10","first-page":"769","volume":"15","author":"JR Gallagher","year":"1943","unstructured":"Gallagher JR, Brouha L (1943) V. A simple method of evaluating fitness in boys: the step test. Yale J Biol Med 15(6):769\u2013779","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"5786_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2024.02.009","volume":"83","author":"MP Harber","year":"2024","unstructured":"Harber MP, Myers J, Bonikowske AR, Muntaner-Mas A, Molina-Garcia P, Arena R, Ortega FB (2024) Assessing cardiorespiratory fitness in clinical and community settings: Lessons and advancements in the 100th year anniversary of VO2max. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 83:36\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pcad.2024.02.009","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"5786_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199504000-00022","volume":"27","author":"DB Holiday","year":"1995","unstructured":"Holiday DB, Ballard JE, McKeown BC (1995) PRESS-related statistics: regression tools for cross-validation and case diagnostics. Med Sci Sports Exerc 27(4):612\u2013620","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"9","key":"5786_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199509000-00009","volume":"27","author":"ET Howley","year":"1995","unstructured":"Howley ET, Bassett DR Jr, Welch HG (1995) Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake: review and commentary. Med Sci Sports Exerc 27(9):1292\u20131301","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"19","key":"5786_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.681","volume":"301","author":"S Kodama","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kodama S, Saito K, Tanaka S, Maki M, Yachi Y, Asumi M, Sugawara A, Totsuka K, Shimano H, Ohashi Y, Yamada N, Sone H (2009) Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and women: a meta-analysis. JAMA 301(19):2024\u20132035. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2009.681","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"5786_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-1017-y","volume":"49","author":"NR Lamoureux","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lamoureux NR, Fitzgerald JS, Norton KI, Sabato T, Tremblay MS, Tomkinson GR (2019) Temporal trends in the cardiorespiratory fitness of 2,525,827 adults between 1967 and 2016: a systematic review. Sports Med 49(1):41\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-018-1017-y","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"5786_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2007.01807.x","volume":"262","author":"JA Laukkanen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Laukkanen JA, Rauramaa R, Salonen JT, Kurl S (2007) The predictive value of cardiorespiratory fitness combined with coronary risk evaluation and the risk of cardiovascular and all-cause death. J Intern Med 262(2):263\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2007.01807.x","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"5786_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1249\/01.Mss.0000142299.42797.83","volume":"36","author":"MH Malek","year":"2004","unstructured":"Malek MH, Housh TJ, Berger DE, Coburn JW, Beck TW (2004) A new nonexercise-based VO2(max) equation for aerobically trained females. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36(10):1804\u20131810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/01.Mss.0000142299.42797.83","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"11","key":"5786_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-020-04457-8","volume":"120","author":"T Matsuo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Matsuo T, So R, Takahashi M (2020a) Estimating cardiorespiratory fitness from heart rates both during and after stepping exercise: a validated simple and safe procedure for step tests at worksites. Eur J Appl Physiol 120(11):2445\u20132454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-020-04457-8","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5786_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-8067-4","volume":"20","author":"T Matsuo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Matsuo T, So R, Takahashi M (2020b) Workers\u2019 physical activity data contribute to estimating maximal oxygen consumption: a questionnaire study to concurrently assess workers\u2019 sedentary behavior and cardiorespiratory fitness. BMC Public Health 20(1):22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-019-8067-4","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"5786_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-022-05113-z","volume":"123","author":"T Matsuo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Matsuo T, So R, Murai F (2023) Estimation methods to detect changes in cardiorespiratory fitness due to exercise training and subsequent detraining. Eur J Appl Physiol 123(4):877\u2013889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-022-05113-z","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5786_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2017.09.019","volume":"93","author":"J Myers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Myers J, Doom R, King R, Fonda H, Chan K, Kokkinos P, Rehkopf DH (2018) Association between cardiorespiratory fitness and health care costs: the veterans exercise testing study. Mayo Clin Proc 93(1):48\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mayocp.2017.09.019","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"21","key":"5786_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e984","DOI":"10.1161\/cir.0000000000000973","volume":"143","author":"TM Powell-Wiley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Powell-Wiley TM, Poirier P, Burke LE, Despr\u00e9s JP, Gordon-Larsen P, Lavie CJ, Lear SA, Ndumele CE, Neeland IJ, Sanders P, St-Onge MP (2021) Obesity and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American heart association. Circulation 143(21):e984\u2013e1010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/cir.0000000000000973","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"8","key":"5786_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000003136","volume":"35","author":"BC Rider","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rider BC, Conger SA, Ditzenberger GL, Besteman SS, Bouret CM, Coughlin AM (2021) Examining the accuracy of the polar A360 monitor. J Strength Cond Res 35(8):2165\u20132169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/jsc.0000000000003136","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"5786_CR24","unstructured":"Riebe D, Ehrman JK, Liguori G, Magal M (2018) ACSM\u2019s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. American College of Sports, 10th edn. Wolters Kluwer"},{"key":"5786_CR25","volume-title":"Rosner BA (2006) Fundamentals of biostatistics","author":"B Rosner","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rosner B (2006) Rosner BA (2006) Fundamentals of biostatistics. Thomson-Brooks\/Cole, Belmont"},{"issue":"24","key":"5786_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e653","DOI":"10.1161\/cir.0000000000000461","volume":"134","author":"R Ross","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ross R, Blair SN, Arena R, Church TS, Despr\u00e9s JP, Franklin BA, Haskell WL, Kaminsky LA, Levine BD, Lavie CJ, Myers J, Niebauer J, Sallis R, Sawada SS, Sui X, Wisl\u00f8ff U (2016) Importance of assessing cardiorespiratory fitness in clinical practice: a case for fitness as a clinical vital sign: a scientific statement from the American heart association. Circulation 134(24):e653\u2013e699. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/cir.0000000000000461","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"5786_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1348-9585.12353","volume":"64","author":"R So","year":"2022","unstructured":"So R, Murai F, Matsuo T (2022) Association of cardiorespiratory fitness with the risk factors of cardiovascular disease: evaluation using the Japan step test from the national institute of occupational safety and health. J Occup Health 64(1):e12353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1348-9585.12353","journal-title":"J Occup Health"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Applied Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-025-05786-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00421-025-05786-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-025-05786-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T16:59:50Z","timestamp":1759165190000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00421-025-05786-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["5786"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-025-05786-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1439-6319","1439-6327"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1439-6319"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1439-6327"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The Ethics Committee of National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan reviewed and approved the study protocol (ID 2021 N17).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants after complete explanation of the aims and protocols of this study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}