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However, it remains unclear whether BDNF influences muscle growth and power performance. Our study aimed to investigate the relationship between the expression of <jats:italic>BDNF<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>MTOR<\/jats:italic> genes in human skeletal muscle and examine the association between genetically predicted higher expression of the <jats:italic>BDNF<\/jats:italic> gene and muscle fiber size, lean mass, power performance, and power athlete status.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The study involved 456,382 subjects, including 285 athletes, 112 physically active individuals with muscle fiber composition data, 291 sedentary individuals with gene expression data, 5451 controls, and 450,243 UK Biobank participants. The muscle fiber composition was evaluated using immunohistochemistry, while gene expression analysis was performed using RNA sequencing. <jats:italic>BDNF<\/jats:italic> genotyping was carried out using real-time PCR or microarrays.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We found that <jats:italic>BDNF<\/jats:italic> gene expression was positively associated with <jats:italic>MTOR<\/jats:italic> gene expression in the vastus lateralis (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Furthermore, genetically predicted higher <jats:italic>BDNF<\/jats:italic> expression (i.e., carriage of the C allele of the rs6265 (Val66Met) <jats:italic>BDNF<\/jats:italic> polymorphism) was positively associated with the cross-sectional area of fast-twitch muscle fibers in athletes (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0069), appendicular lean mass (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092.6\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u207b\u2077), personal best scores of power athletes (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.029), and power athlete status (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0056).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our study demonstrates a positive correlation between <jats:italic>BDNF<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>MTOR<\/jats:italic> gene expression in human skeletal muscle, with genetically predicted higher <jats:italic>BDNF<\/jats:italic> expression associated with greater muscle fiber size, lean mass, enhanced power performance, and power athlete status.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-025-05804-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T06:02:09Z","timestamp":1745906529000},"page":"2781-2792","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["BDNF coexpresses with MTOR and is associated with muscle fiber size, lean mass and power-related traits"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"125","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4026-9883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celal","family":"Bulgay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7861-8204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erdal","family":"Zorba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7936-8606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hasan H.","family":"Kazan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1001-5348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I\u015f\u0131k","family":"Bayraktar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3325-8828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merve","family":"Uca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9696-0433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet A.","family":"Erg\u00fcn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8904-9493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5472-4555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rinat A.","family":"Yusupov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3918-708X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rinat I.","family":"Sultanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1248-2855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina A.","family":"Semenova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9429-792X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrey K.","family":"Larin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8588-3206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolay A.","family":"Kulemin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6314-4883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward V.","family":"Generozov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6335-4020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ildus I.","family":"Ahmetov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"5804_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.5604\/20831862.1096046","volume":"31","author":"II Ahmetov","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ahmetov II, Donnikov AE, Trofimov DY (2014) ACTN3 genotype is associated with testosterone levels of athletes. 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