{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:01:41Z","timestamp":1791392501382,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749168000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006302","name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006302","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Appl Physiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examined the effects of acute caffeine intake on muscular electrical activity during strength, power, and endurance performance tests at different times of day in bench press and back squat exercises.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirteen resistance-trained men participated in a triple-blind, cross-over, randomized controlled trial with four conditions: (a) morning with caffeine, (b) morning with placebo, (c) evening with caffeine, and (d) evening with placebo. Trials were conducted at 9:00 AM and 6:00 PM, with participants consuming caffeine or placebo (3\u00a0mg\/kg) 60\u00a0min prior. Muscular strength\/power was tested at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 90% one-repetition maximum (1RM) for bench press and back squat, while muscular endurance was assessed at 65% 1RM through a set-to-failure. Surface electromyography (EMG) measured muscle electrical activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In muscular strength\/power tests, caffeine increased mean velocity (V\n                      <jats:sub>mean<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and power output (W\n                      <jats:sub>mean<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) in the back squat at 75% (P\u2009=\u20090.012\u20130.001, g\u2009=\u20093.84\u20132.71) and 90%1RM (P\u2009=\u20090.043\u20130.009, g\u2009=\u20092.77\u20132.46) in both morning and evening trials. At 25%1RM, caffeine counteracts morning performance decline in bench press (10\u201311%, P\u2009=\u20090.001, g\u2009=\u20092.62\u20131.68) and back squat (8\u201311%, P\u2009=\u20090.010\u20130.003, g\u2009=\u20092.22\u20131.64). In muscular endurance tests, caffeine increased V\n                      <jats:sub>mean<\/jats:sub>\n                      and W\n                      <jats:sub>mean<\/jats:sub>\n                      in bench press in the morning (11\u201312%, P\u2009=\u20090.003\u20130.005, g\u2009=\u20092.55\u20131.89) and back squat in both morning and evening trials (6\u20139%, P\u2009=\u20090.001\u20130.027, g\u2009=\u20092.79\u20131.73). EMG activity remained unchanged in all conditions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acute caffeine intake enhances muscular strength\/power at moderate-to-high loads (75%- 90%1RM) and endurance performance (65%1RM) in the back squat while counteracting morning declines at light-load (25%1RM) for both exercises without altering muscle electrical activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-025-05820-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T07:31:28Z","timestamp":1749195088000},"page":"3259-3272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Acute caffeine intake improves muscular strength, power, and endurance performance, reversing the time-of-day effect regardless of muscle activation level in resistance-trained males: a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"Juan Jes\u00fas","family":"Montalvo-Alonso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"del Val-Manzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ester","family":"Cerezo-Tell\u00e9z","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Ferragut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Valad\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Falces","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0220-6240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"5820_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21995","volume":"43","author":"I Bazzucchi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bazzucchi I, Felici F, Montini M, Figura F, Sacchetti M (2011) Caffeine improves neuromuscular function during maximal dynamic exercise. Muscle Nerve 43(6):839\u2013844. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.21995","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"5820_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10209","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10209","volume":"5","author":"M Behrens","year":"2015","unstructured":"Behrens M, Mau-Moeller A, Weippert M, Fuhrmann J, Wegner K, Skripitz R, Bader R, Bruhn S (2015) Caffeine-induced increase in voluntary activation and strength of the quadriceps muscle during isometric, concentric and eccentric contractions. Sci Rep 5:10209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep10209","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"5820_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.61.2.421","volume":"61","author":"B Bigland-Ritchie","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bigland-Ritchie B, Furbush F, Woods JJ (1986) Fatigue of intermittent submaximal voluntary contractions: central and peripheral factors. J Appl Physiol 61(2):421\u2013429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1986.61.2.421","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5820_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000513","volume":"47","author":"CD Black","year":"2015","unstructured":"Black CD, Waddell DE, Gonglach AR (2015) Caffeine\u2019s ergogenic effects on cycling: neuromuscular and perceptual factors. Med Sci Sports Exerc 47(6):1145\u20131158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000513","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"9","key":"5820_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002944","volume":"54","author":"G Cristina-Souza","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cristina-Souza G, Santos PS, Santos-Mariano AC, Coelho DB, Rodacki A, De-OliveiraBishopBertuzziLima-Silva FRDJRAE (2022) Caffeine increases endurance performance via changes in neural and muscular determinants of performance fatigability. Med Sci Sports Exerc 54(9):1591\u20131603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002944","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"10","key":"5820_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.2165\/11317770-000000000-00000","volume":"39","author":"JK Davis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Davis JK, Green JM (2009) Caffeine and anaerobic performance: ergogenic value and mechanisms of action. Sports Med 39(10):813\u2013832. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/11317770-000000000-00000","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5820_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00030.2020","volume":"36","author":"CM Douglas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Douglas CM, Hesketh SJ, Esser KA (2021) Time of day and muscle strength: a circadian output? Physiol (Bethesda) 36(1):44\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physiol.00030.2020","journal-title":"Physiol (Bethesda)"},{"issue":"4","key":"5820_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2011.635811","volume":"13","author":"MJ Duncan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Duncan MJ, Stanley M, Parkhouse N, Cook K, Smith M (2013) Acute caffeine ingestion enhances strength performance and reduces perceived exertion and muscle pain perception during resistance exercise. Eur J Sport Sci 13(4):392\u2013399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17461391.2011.635811","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"5820_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.24179","volume":"50","author":"MJ Duncan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Duncan MJ, Thake CD, Downs PJ (2014) Effect of caffeine ingestion on torque and muscle activity during resistance exercise in men. Muscle Nerve 50(4):523\u2013527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.24179","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"11","key":"5820_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000929","volume":"48","author":"RM Enoka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Enoka RM, Duchateau J (2016) Translating fatigue to human performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 48(11):2228\u20132238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000929","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"5820_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041087","author":"A Filip","year":"2020","unstructured":"Filip A, Wilk M, Krzysztofik M, Del Coso J (2020) Inconsistency in the ergogenic effect of caffeine in athletes who regularly consume caffeine: is it due to the disparity in the criteria that defines habitual caffeine intake? Nutrients. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12041087","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"5820_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7980","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12222-4","volume":"12","author":"A Fukutani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fukutani A, Kunimatsu S, Isaka T (2022) Influence of caffeine on the maximal isometric and concentric force produced by skinned fibers. Sci Rep 12(1):7980. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-12222-4","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"5820_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1139\/h06-030","volume":"31","author":"F Greer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Greer F, Morales J, Coles M (2006) Wingate performance and surface EMG frequency variables are not affected by caffeine ingestion. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 31(5):597\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/h06-030","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"key":"5820_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-018-0216-0","volume":"15","author":"J Grgic","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grgic J, Trexler ET, Lazinica B, Pedisic Z (2018) Effects of caffeine intake on muscle strength and power: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 15:11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12970-018-0216-0","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr"},{"key":"5820_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2019-0433","author":"J Grgic","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grgic J, Sabol F, Venier S, Mikulic I, Bratkovic N, Schoenfeld BJ, Pickering C, Bishop DJ, Pedisic Z, Mikulic P (2019) What dose of caffeine to use: acute effects of 3 doses of caffeine on muscle endurance and strength. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.2019-0433","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"issue":"1","key":"5820_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-115033","volume":"38","author":"H Gueldich","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gueldich H, Zarrouk N, Chtourou H, Zghal F, Sahli S, Rebai H (2017) Electrostimulation training effects on diurnal fluctuations of neuromuscular performance. Int J Sports Med 38(1):41\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0042-115033","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5820_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-020-00383-4","volume":"18","author":"NS Guest","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guest NS, VanDusseldorp TA, Nelson MT, Grgic J, Schoenfeld BJ, Jenkins NDM, Arent SM, Antonio J, Stout JR, Trexler ET, Smith-Ryan AE, Goldstein ER, Kalman DS, Campbell BI (2021) International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 18(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12970-020-00383-4","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"5820_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1081\/CBI-200062407","volume":"22","author":"M Guette","year":"2005","unstructured":"Guette M, Gondin J, Martin A (2005) Time-of-day effect on the torque and neuromuscular properties of dominant and non-dominant quadriceps femoris. Chronobiol Int 22(3):541\u2013558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1081\/CBI-200062407","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"5820_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(00)00027-4","volume":"10","author":"HJ Hermens","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hermens HJ, Freriks B, Disselhorst-Klug C, Rau G (2000) Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors and sensor placement procedures. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 10(5):361\u2013374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1050-6411(00)00027-4","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5820_CR21","first-page":"147","volume":"31","author":"BH Jacobson","year":"1991","unstructured":"Jacobson BH, Edwards SW (1991) Influence of two levels of caffeine on maximal torque at selected angular velocities. J Sports Med Phys Fit 31(2):147\u2013153","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fit"},{"issue":"1","key":"5820_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-005-1396-2","volume":"95","author":"RS James","year":"2005","unstructured":"James RS, Kohlsdorf T, Cox VM, Navas CA (2005) 70 microM caffeine treatment enhances in vitro force and power output during cyclic activities in mouse extensor digitorum longus muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol 95(1):74\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-005-1396-2","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5820_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1999.87.2.801","volume":"87","author":"JME KalmarCafarelli","year":"1999","unstructured":"KalmarCafarelli JME (1999) Effects of caffeine on neuromuscular function. J Appl Physiol 87(2):801\u2013808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1999.87.2.801","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5820_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01347.2005","volume":"100","author":"JM Kalmar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kalmar JM, Cafarelli E (2006) Central excitability does not limit postfatigue voluntary activation of quadriceps femoris. J Appl Physiol 100(6):1757\u20131764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.01347.2005","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5820_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00350.2023","volume":"130","author":"K Mackay","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mackay K, Orssatto LBR, Polman R, Van der Pols JC, Trajano GS (2023) Caffeine does not influence persistent inward current contribution to motoneuron firing. J Neurophysiol 130(6):1529\u20131540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00350.2023","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"5820_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1097-4598(199910)22:10<1380::aid-mus7>3.0.co;2-u","volume":"22","author":"A Martin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Martin A, Carpentier A, Guissard N, van Hoecke J, Duchateau J (1999) Effect of time of day on force variation in a human muscle. Muscle Nerve 22(10):1380\u20131387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(sici)1097-4598(199910)22:10%3c1380::aid-mus7%3e3.0.co;2-u","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"3","key":"5820_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00937.2004","volume":"99","author":"BM Meyers","year":"2005","unstructured":"Meyers BM, Cafarelli E (2005) Caffeine increases time to fatigue by maintaining force and not by altering firing rates during submaximal isometric contractions. J Appl Physiol 99(3):1056\u20131063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00937.2004","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"5820_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111760","author":"JJ Montalvo-Alonso","year":"2024","unstructured":"Montalvo-Alonso JJ, Ferragut C, Del Val-Manzano M, Valades D, Roberts J, Perez-Lopez A (2024) Sex differences in the ergogenic response of acute caffeine intake on muscular strength, power and endurance performance in resistance-trained individuals: a randomized controlled trial. Nutrients. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16111760","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"5820_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033807","volume":"7","author":"R Mora-Rodriguez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mora-Rodriguez R, Garcia Pallares J, Lopez-Samanes A, Ortega JF, Fernandez-Elias VE (2012) Caffeine ingestion reverses the circadian rhythm effects on neuromuscular performance in highly resistance-trained men. PLoS ONE 7(4):e33807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0033807","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"5820_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2014.04.010","volume":"18","author":"R Mora-Rodriguez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mora-Rodriguez R, Pallares JG, Lopez-Gullon JM, Lopez-Samanes A, Fernandez-Elias VE, Ortega JF (2015) Improvements on neuromuscular performance with caffeine ingestion depend on the time-of-day. J Sci Med Sport 18(3):338\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsams.2014.04.010","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"11","key":"5820_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3236","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001603","volume":"30","author":"JJ Morse","year":"2016","unstructured":"Morse JJ, Pallaska G, Pierce PR, Fields TM, Galen SS, Malek MH (2016) Acute low-dose caffeine supplementation increases electromyographic fatigue threshold in healthy men. J Strength Cond Res 30(11):3236\u20133241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001603","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"5820_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1080\/07420520500397892","volume":"22","author":"A Nicolas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nicolas A, Gauthier A, Bessot N, Moussay S, Davenne D (2005) Time-of-day effects on myoelectric and mechanical properties of muscle during maximal and prolonged isokinetic exercise. Chronobiol Int 22(6):997\u20131011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07420520500397892","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"issue":"11","key":"5820_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31829a6672","volume":"45","author":"JG Pallares","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pallares JG, Fernandez-Elias VE, Ortega JF, Munoz G, Munoz-Guerra J, Mora-Rodriguez R (2013) Neuromuscular responses to incremental caffeine doses: performance and side effects. Med Sci Sports Exerc 45(11):2184\u20132192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31829a6672","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"12","key":"5820_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2014.889844","volume":"32","author":"JG Pallar\u00e9s","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pallar\u00e9s JG, S\u00e1nchez-Medina L, P\u00e9rez CE, De La Cruz-S\u00e1nchez E, Mora-Rodriguez R (2014) Imposing a pause between the eccentric and concentric phases increases the reliability of isoinertial strength assessments. J Sport Sci 32(12):1165\u20131175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640414.2014.889844","journal-title":"J Sport Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"5820_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(89)81532-7","volume":"259","author":"R Penner","year":"1989","unstructured":"Penner R, Neher E, Takeshima H, Nishimura S, Numa S (1989) Functional expression of the calcium release channel from skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor cDNA. FEBS Lett 259(1):217\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0014-5793(89)81532-7","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"5820_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001441","volume":"50","author":"J Pethick","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pethick J, Winter SL, Burnley M (2018) Caffeine ingestion attenuates fatigue-induced loss of muscle torque complexity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 50(2):236\u2013245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001441","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"11","key":"5820_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1139\/y79-194","volume":"57","author":"JW Phillis","year":"1979","unstructured":"Phillis JW, Edstrom JP, Kostopoulos GK, Kirkpatrick JR (1979) Effects of adenosine and adenine nucleotides on synaptic transmission in the cerebral cortex. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 57(11):1289\u20131312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/y79-194","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5820_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(88)90010-0","volume":"267","author":"E Rousseau","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rousseau E, Ladine J, Liu QY, Meissner G (1988) Activation of the Ca2+ release channel of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum by caffeine and related compounds. Arch Biochem Biophys 267(1):75\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0003-9861(88)90010-0","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"issue":"4","key":"5820_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-023-03109-9","volume":"62","author":"I Ruiz-Fernandez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ruiz-Fernandez I, Valades D, Dominguez R, Ferragut C, Perez-Lopez A (2023) Load and muscle group size influence the ergogenic effect of acute caffeine intake in muscular strength, power and endurance. Eur J Nutr 62(4):1783\u20131794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00394-023-03109-9","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"issue":"9","key":"5820_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092120","volume":"11","author":"AF San Juan","year":"2019","unstructured":"San Juan AF, L\u00f3pez-Samanes A, Jodra P, Valenzuela PL, Rueda J, Veiga-Herreros P, P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez A, Dom\u00ednguez R (2019) Caffeine supplementation improves anaerobic performance and neuromuscular efficiency and fatigue in olympic-level boxers. Nutrients 11(9):2120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu11092120","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"10","key":"5820_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1519\/Jsc.0000000000004543","volume":"37","author":"PDG Santos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Santos PDG, Vaz JR, Correia J, Neto T, Pezarat-Correia P (2023) Long-term neurophysiological adaptations to strength training: a systematic review with cross-sectional studies. J Strength Cond Res 37(10):2091\u20132105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/Jsc.0000000000004543","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"5820_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410801930150","volume":"26","author":"M Sedliak","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sedliak M, Finni T, Peltonen J, Hakkinen K (2008) Effect of time-of-day-specific strength training on maximum strength and EMG activity of the leg extensors in men. J Sports Sci 26(10):1005\u20131014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640410801930150","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"5820_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.5.1719","volume":"89","author":"M Tarnopolsky","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tarnopolsky M, Cupido C (2000) Caffeine potentiates low frequency skeletal muscle force in habitual and nonhabitual caffeine consumers. J Appl Physiol 89(5):1719\u20131724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.5.1719","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5820_CR44","first-page":"600","volume":"10","author":"W Teo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Teo W, Newton MJ, McGuigan MR (2011) Circadian rhythms in exercise performance: implications for hormonal and muscular adaptation. J Sports Sci Med 10(4):600\u2013606","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"5820_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000625","volume":"29","author":"MA Trevino","year":"2015","unstructured":"Trevino MA, Coburn JW, Brown LE, Judelson DA, Malek MH (2015) Acute effects of caffeine on strength and muscle activation of the elbow flexors. J Strength Cond Res 29(2):513\u2013520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000625","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"5820_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.025064","volume":"545","author":"C Walton","year":"2002","unstructured":"Walton C, Kalmar JM, Cafarelli E (2002) Effect of caffeine on self-sustained firing in human motor units. J Physiol 545(2):671\u2013679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.025064","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"5820_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020406","author":"M Wilk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilk M, Filip A, Krzysztofik M, Gepfert M, Zajac A, Del Coso J (2020) Acute caffeine intake enhances mean power output and bar velocity during the bench press throw in athletes habituated to caffeine. Nutrients. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12020406","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"5820_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16101421","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Yang W, Xue Y, Hou D, Chen S, Xu Z, Peng S, Zhao H, Wang C, Liu C (2024) Timing matters: time of day impacts the ergogenic effects of caffeine-a narrative review. Nutrients. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16101421","journal-title":"Nutrients"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Applied Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-025-05820-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00421-025-05820-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-025-05820-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T04:48:22Z","timestamp":1760503702000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00421-025-05820-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["5820"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-025-05820-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1439-6319","1439-6327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1439-6319","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-6327","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All the authors declare that they have no conflict of interest derived from the outcomes of this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}