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The aims of this study were to (1) compare the effect of post-exercise CWI, HWI and placebo on the recovery of physical performance in national level soccer players, and (2) investigate whether repeated use of these recovery modalities has an impact on training adaptations over a 15\u00a0week period.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>For Part I, 40 male soccer players (15\u201319\u00a0years) were randomized to either CWI (10\u00a0\u00b0C, 10\u00a0min), HWI (42\u00a0\u00b0C, 20\u00a0min), or placebo (6\u00a0min, sham laser), applied after a 90\u00a0min simulated soccer match (SSM). Physical performance was assessed using submaximal aerobic, 20\u00a0m sprint, countermovement jump (CMJ), and knee extension strength tests [i.e., maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and time to exhaustion (TTE) at 60% of MVIC] performed at Pre-SSM and 0, 21 and 45\u00a0h Post-SSM<jats:bold>.<\/jats:bold> For Part II, 19 participants applied their respective recovery modality (~\u2009twice a week) in their usual training. After 15\u00a0weeks, physical performance and body composition were assessed and compared to pre-intervention<jats:bold>.<\/jats:bold>\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>All three modalities similarly affected the recovery of physical performance during the 21\u201345\u00a0h Post-SSM period (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Moreover, no significant effects of the recovery modalities on body composition and on development of physical performance were found over the 15\u00a0week recovery intervention (p\u2009&gt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Compared to a placebo, CWI and HWI do not improve post-match recovery of physical performance and do not impact long-term training adaptations in highly trained soccer players.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-025-05835-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T01:13:59Z","timestamp":1749604439000},"page":"3179-3194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Cold- and hot-water immersion are not more effective than placebo for the recovery of physical performance and training adaptations in national level soccer players"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"125","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5201-529X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jannik","family":"Gustafsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Montiel-Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mattias G. 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