{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T19:19:32Z","timestamp":1790018372790,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006602","name":"Air Force Research Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA8650-22-C-6461"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA8650-22-C-6461"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Appl Physiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-025-05837-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T10:11:28Z","timestamp":1749809488000},"page":"3385-3395","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Flight-associated cortisol dynamics and subjective assessments of pain and stress in fighter pilots: an exploratory study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"125","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5128-8476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hershel","family":"Raff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1203-0157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keri R.","family":"Hainsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5224-5337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Cutlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0786-5782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine A.","family":"Sherman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4986-8527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian D.","family":"Stemper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"5837_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.105118","volume":"125","author":"HM Appelmann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Appelmann HM, Manigault AW, Shorey RC, Zoccola PM (2021) Childhood adversity and cortisol habituation to repeated stress in adulthood. Psychoneuroendocrinology 125:105118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.105118","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"5837_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1854","volume":"26","author":"N Begum","year":"2022","unstructured":"Begum N, Taylor JR, Brown C, Rajan J, Keevil B, Pye E, Rainey T, Jones A (2022) Morning and evening salivary cortisol levels in patients with chronic widespread pain and those at high risk. Eur J Pain 26(1):197\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejp.1854","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"5837_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.01.001","volume":"73","author":"D Borsook","year":"2012","unstructured":"Borsook D, Maleki N, Becerra L, McEwen B (2012) Understanding migraine through the lens of maladaptive stress responses: a model disease of allostatic load. Neuron 73(2):219\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.01.001","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"8","key":"5837_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004515","volume":"37","author":"D Cabarkapa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cabarkapa D, Eserhaut DA, Cabarkapa DV, Philipp NM, Fry AC (2023) Salivary testosterone and cortisol changes during a game in professional male basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 37(8):1687\u20131691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004515","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"5837_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clow A, Hucklebridge F, Stalder T, Evans P, Thorn L (2010) The cortisol awakening response: more than a measure of HPA axis function. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 35(1):97\u2013103. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20026350\/. Accessed on 9th June 2025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.12.011"},{"key":"5837_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010418-102857","volume":"70","author":"S Cohen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cohen S, Murphy MLM, Prather AA (2019) Ten surprising facts about stressful life events and disease risk. Annu Rev Psychol 70:577\u2013597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-psych-010418-102857","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"5837_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.5508.2021","volume":"92","author":"EK Combs","year":"2021","unstructured":"Combs EK, Dahlman AS, Shattuck NL, Heissel JA, Whitaker LR (2021) Physiological and cognitive performance in F-22 pilots during day and night flying. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 92(5):303\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3357\/AMHP.5508.2021","journal-title":"Aerosp Med Hum Perform"},{"issue":"4","key":"5837_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2024.135415","volume":"41","author":"BT Crewther","year":"2024","unstructured":"Crewther BT, Serpell BG, Cook CJ, Obminski Z (2024) The influence of light and heavy training weeks on the cortisol and testosterone awakening responses of elite male judokas: is skeletal muscle damage a mediating factor? Biol Sport 41(4):187\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/biolsport.2024.135415","journal-title":"Biol Sport"},{"issue":"6","key":"5837_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icy114","volume":"58","author":"M Del Giudice","year":"2018","unstructured":"Del Giudice M, Buck CL, Chaby LE, Gormally BM, Taff CC, Thawley CJ, Vitousek MN, Wada H (2018) What is stress? A systems perspective. Integr Comp Biol 58(6):1019\u20131032. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/icb\/icy114","journal-title":"Integr Comp Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5837_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-924557","volume":"28","author":"BK Doan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Doan BK, Newton RU, Kraemer WJ, Kwon YH, Scheet TP (2007) Salivary cortisol, testosterone, and T\/C ratio responses during a 36-hole golf competition. Int J Sports Med 28(6):470\u2013479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2006-924557","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"5837_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bvad087","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvad087","volume":"7","author":"JW Findling","year":"2023","unstructured":"Findling JW, Raff H (2023) Recognition of nonneoplastic hypercortisolism in the evaluation of patients with cushing syndrome. J Endocr Soc 7(8):bvad087. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jendso\/bvad087","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"5837_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2005.07.004","volume":"117","author":"L Gagliese","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gagliese L, Weizblit N, Ellis W, Chan VWS (2005) The measurement of postoperative pain: a comparison of intensity scales in younger and older surgical patients. Pain 117(3):412\u2013420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2005.07.004","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"5837_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2013.00061","volume":"7","author":"JP Herman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Herman JP (2013) Neural control of chronic stress adaptation. Front Behav Neurosci 7:61. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2013.00061","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"5837_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c150015","volume":"6","author":"JP Herman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Herman JP, McKlveen JM, Ghosal S, Kopp B, Wulsin A, Makinson R, Scheimann J, Myers B (2016) Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical stress response. Compr Physiol 6(2):603\u2013621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cphy.c150015","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"5837_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobson L (2005) Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis regulation. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 34(2):271\u2013292, vii. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/15850842. Accessed on 9th June 2025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.01.003"},{"key":"5837_CR16","unstructured":"Kakimoto Y, Nakamura A, Tarui H, Nagasawa Y, Yagura S (1988) Crew workload in JASDF C-1 transport flights: I. Change in heart rate and salivary cortisol. Aviat Space Environ Med 59(6):511\u2013516. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/3390108. Accessed on 9th June 2025"},{"issue":"4","key":"5837_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2018.01.008","volume":"36","author":"O Karcioglu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Karcioglu O, Topacoglu H, Dikme O, Dikme O (2018) A systematic review of the pain scales in adults: which to use? Am J Emerg Med 36(4):707\u2013714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2018.01.008","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"5837_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keller-Wood M (2015) Hypothalamic-pituitary--adrenal axis-feedback control. Compr Physiol 5(3):1161\u20131182. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/26140713\/. Accessed on 9th June 2025","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2015.tb00644.x"},{"key":"5837_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keller-Wood ME, Dallman MF (1984) Corticosteroid inhibition of ACTH secretion. Endocr Rev 5(1):1\u201324. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/6323158. Accessed on 9th June 2025","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-5-1-1"},{"key":"5837_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113618","volume":"242","author":"OD Kothgassner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kothgassner OD, Goreis A, Glenk LM, Kafka JX, Pfeffer B, Beutl L, Kryspin-Exner I, Hlavacs H, Palme R, Felnhofer A (2021) Habituation of salivary cortisol and cardiovascular reactivity to a repeated real-life and virtual reality Trier Social Stress Test. Physiol Behav 242:113618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113618","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"5837_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.3357\/asem.2935.2011","volume":"82","author":"B Lange","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lange B, Torp-Svendsen J, Toft P (2011) Neck pain among fighter pilots after the introduction of the JHMCS helmet and NVG in their environment. Aviat Space Environ Med 82(5):559\u2013563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3357\/asem.2935.2011","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"5837_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2020.01.001","volume":"150","author":"R Law","year":"2020","unstructured":"Law R, Clow A (2020) Stress, the cortisol awakening response and cognitive function. Int Rev Neurobiol 150:187\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.irn.2020.01.001","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"5837_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2020.08.004","volume":"158","author":"R Law","year":"2020","unstructured":"Law R, Evans P, Thorn L, Hucklebridge F, Loveday C, Clow A (2020) The cortisol awakening response predicts a same-day index of executive function in healthy young adults. Int J Psychophysiol 158:27\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2020.08.004","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"5837_CR24","unstructured":"Leino T, Leppaluoto J, Huttunen P, Ruokonen A, Kuronen P (1995) Neuroendocrine responses to real and simulated BA Hawk MK 51 flight. Aviat Space Environ Med 66(2):108\u2013113. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/7726772. Accessed on 9th June 2025"},{"key":"5837_CR25","unstructured":"Leino TK, Leppaluoto J, Ruokonen A, Kuronen P (1998) Pro-opiomelanocortin activation and simulated interceptor combat flight. Aviat Space Environ Med 69(5):486\u2013490. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/9591619. Accessed on 9th June 2025"},{"key":"5837_CR26","unstructured":"Leino TK, Leppaluoto J, Ruokonen A, Kuronen P (1999a) Neuroendocrine responses and psychomotor test results in subjects participating in military pilot selection. Aviat Space Environ Med 70(6):571\u2013576. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/10373048"},{"key":"5837_CR27","unstructured":"Leino TK, Leppaluoto J, Ruokonen A, Kuronen P (1999b) Neuroendocrine responses to psychological workload of instrument flying in student pilots. Aviat Space Environ Med 70(6):565\u2013570. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/10373047. Accessed on 9th June 2025"},{"issue":"4","key":"5837_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2023.03.008","volume":"24","author":"BM LiaBraaten","year":"2023","unstructured":"LiaBraaten BM, Linneman N, Czarnecki ML, Davies WH, Zhang L, Simpson PM, Jastrowski Mano KE, Weisman SJ, Hainsworth KR (2023) Stress Numerical Rating Scale-11: validation in pediatric inpatient and outpatient pain settings. Pain Manag Nurs 24(4):e7\u2013e12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmn.2023.03.008","journal-title":"Pain Manag Nurs"},{"issue":"16","key":"5837_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7735","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291723001666","volume":"53","author":"Y Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu Y, Zhao X, Hu W, Ren Y, Wei Z, Ren X, Tang Z, Wang N, Chen H, Li Y, Shi Z, Qin S, Yang J (2023) Neural habituation during acute stress signals a blunted endocrine response and poor resilience. Psychol Med 53(16):7735\u20137745. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291723001666","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"5837_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2021.1892069","volume":"24","author":"AW Manigault","year":"2021","unstructured":"Manigault AW, Shorey RC, Appelmann H, Hamilton KR, Scanlin MC, Juster RP, Zoccola PM (2021a) Gender roles are related to cortisol habituation to repeated social evaluative stressors in adults: secondary analyses from a randomized controlled trial. Stress 24(6):723\u2013733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10253890.2021.1892069","journal-title":"Stress"},{"issue":"3","key":"5837_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000954","volume":"40","author":"AW Manigault","year":"2021","unstructured":"Manigault AW, Shorey RC, Decastro G, Appelmann HM, Hamilton KR, Scanlin MC, France CR, Zoccola PM (2021b) Standardized stress reduction interventions and blood pressure habituation: Secondary results from a randomized controlled trial. Health Psychol 40(3):196\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/hea0000954","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"5837_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2470547019833647","author":"BS McEwen","year":"2019","unstructured":"McEwen BS (2019) What is the confusion with cortisol? Chronic Stress (Thousand Oaks). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2470547019833647","journal-title":"Chronic Stress (Thousand Oaks)"},{"key":"5837_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McEwen BS, Sapolsky RM (1995) Stress and cognitive function. Curr Opin Neurobiol 5(2):205\u2013216. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/7620309. Accessed on 9th June 2025","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-4388(95)80028-X"},{"key":"5837_CR34","unstructured":"McKay JM, Selig SE, Carlson JS, Morris T (1997) Psychophysiological stress in elite golfers during practice and competition. Aust J Sci Med Sport 29(2):55\u201361. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/9242979. Accessed on 9th June 2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"5837_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-03902-w","volume":"24","author":"H Mortazavi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mortazavi H, Yousefi-Koma AA, Yousefi-Koma H (2024) Extensive comparison of salivary collection, transportation, preparation, and storage methods: a systematic review. BMC Oral Health 24(1):168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-024-03902-w","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"5837_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2004.10.005","volume":"30","author":"TC Neylan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Neylan TC, Brunet A, Pole N, Best SR, Metzler TJ, Yehuda R, Marmar CR (2005) PTSD symptoms predict waking salivary cortisol levels in police officers. Psychoneuroendocrinology 30(4):373\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2004.10.005","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"5837_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2024.112325","volume":"198","author":"J Nuamah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nuamah J (2024) Effect of recurrent task-induced acute stress on task performance, vagally mediated heart rate variability, and task-evoked pupil response. Int J Psychophysiol 198:112325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2024.112325","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"5837_CR38","unstructured":"Obminski Z, Wojtkowiak M, Stupnicki R, Golec L, Hackney AC (1997) Effect of acceleration stress on salivary cortisol and plasma cortisol and testosterone levels in cadet pilots. J Physiol Pharmacol 48(2):193\u2013200. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/9223024. Accessed on 9th June 2025"},{"key":"5837_CR39","unstructured":"Otsuka Y, Onozawa A, Miyamoto Y (2006) Hormonal responses of pilots to training flights: the effects of experience on apparent stress. Aviat Space Environ Med 77(4):410\u2013414. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/16676652. Accessed on 9th June 2025"},{"issue":"8","key":"5837_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1210\/js.2019-00186","volume":"3","author":"H Raff","year":"2019","unstructured":"Raff H, Phillips JM (2019) Bedtime salivary cortisol and cortisone by LC-MS\/MS in healthy adult subjects: evaluation of sampling time. J Endocr Soc 3(8):1631\u20131640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/js.2019-00186","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"5837_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-12-0058","volume":"2","author":"H Raff","year":"2013","unstructured":"Raff H, Trivedi H (2013) Circadian rhythm of salivary cortisol, plasma cortisol, and plasma ACTH in end-stage renal disease. Endocr Connect 2(1):23\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EC-12-0058","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"key":"5837_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104714","volume":"118","author":"SAM Rauch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rauch SAM, King A, Kim HM, Powell C, Rajaram N, Venners M, Simon NM, Hamner M, Liberzon I (2020) Cortisol awakening response in PTSD treatment: predictor or mechanism of change. Psychoneuroendocrinology 118:104714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104714","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"5837_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1970.26.1.71","volume":"26","author":"RT Rubin","year":"1970","unstructured":"Rubin RT, Miller RG, Arthur RJ, Clark BR (1970) Differential adrenocortical stress responses in naval aviators during aircraft carrier landing practice. Psychol Rep 26(1):71\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/pr0.1970.26.1.71","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"key":"5837_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075809","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1075809","volume":"13","author":"MS Sagmeister","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sagmeister MS, Harper L, Hardy RS (2022) Cortisol excess in chronic kidney disease\u2014a review of changes and impact on mortality. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 13:1075809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.1075809","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"1","key":"5837_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22683","volume":"35","author":"S Schumacher","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schumacher S, Engel S, Niemeyer H, Kuster A, Burchert S, Skoluda N, Rau H, Nater UM, Willmund GD, Knaevelsrud C (2022) Salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase in posttraumatic stress disorder and their potential role in the evaluation of cognitive behavioral treatment outcomes. J Trauma Stress 35(1):78\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.22683","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"5837_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnae024","author":"T Stalder","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stalder T, Oster H, Abelson JL, Huthsteiner K, Klucken T, Clow A (2024) The cortisol awakening response: regulation and functional significance. Endocr Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endrev\/bnae024","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"5837_CR47","unstructured":"Tarui H, Nakamura A (1991) Hormonal responses of pilots flying high-performance aircraft during seven repetitive flight missions. Aviat Space Environ Med 62(12):1127\u20131131. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/1755792. Accessed on 9th June 2025"},{"issue":"11","key":"5837_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1600","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-15-00475","volume":"181","author":"MK Taylor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Taylor MK, Hernandez LM, Fuller SA, Sargent P, Padilla GA, Harris E (2016) Cortisol awakening response in elite military men: summary parameters, stability measurement, and effect of compliance. Mil Med 181(11):e1600\u2013e1607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7205\/MILMED-D-15-00475","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"5837_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3357\/asem.2131.2008","volume":"79","author":"MK Taylor","year":"2008","unstructured":"Taylor MK, Reis JP, Sausen KP, Padilla GA, Markham AE, Potterat EG, Drummond SP (2008) Trait anxiety and salivary cortisol during free living and military stress. Aviat Space Environ Med 79(2):129\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3357\/asem.2131.2008","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"5837_CR50","unstructured":"Tirabassi G, Boscaro M, Arnaldi G (2013) Harmful effects of functional hypercortisolism: a working hypothesis. Endocrine. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24282037. Accessed on 9th June 2025"},{"key":"5837_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tunn S, Mollmann H, Barth J, Derendorf H, Krieg M (1992) Simultaneous measurement of cortisol in serum and saliva after different forms of cortisol administration. Clin Chem 38(8 Pt 1):1491\u20131494. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/1643721. Accessed on 9th June 2025","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/38.8.1491"},{"key":"5837_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2023.112261","volume":"194","author":"AT Tyra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tyra AT, Young DA, Ginty AT (2023) Emotion regulation tendencies and cardiovascular responses to repeated acute psychological stress. Int J Psychophysiol 194:112261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2023.112261","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"5837_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10102637","author":"JA Valera-Calero","year":"2022","unstructured":"Valera-Calero JA, Varol U (2022) Correlation among routinary physical activity, salivary cortisol, and chronic neck pain severity in office workers: a cross-sectional study. Biomedicines. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines10102637","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"5837_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2016.10.017","volume":"75","author":"JM Violanti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Violanti JM, Fekedulegn D, Andrew ME, Hartley TA, Charles LE, Miller DB, Burchfiel CM (2017) The impact of perceived intensity and frequency of police work occupational stressors on the cortisol awakening response (CAR): findings from the BCOPS study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 75:124\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2016.10.017","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Applied Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-025-05837-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00421-025-05837-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-025-05837-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T04:48:21Z","timestamp":1760503701000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00421-025-05837-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["5837"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-025-05837-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1439-6319","1439-6327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1439-6319","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-6327","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"HR was\u00a0a consultant for Novo-Nordisk\u00a0during the execution of this study. KH, RC, KS, and BDS have nothing to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}