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WBTS, visual symptoms, multifocal visual evoked potentials (mf-VEPs) amplitude\/latency, and contrast sensitivity were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\u0394T<jats:sub>GI<\/jats:sub> was consistent across trials (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.213; \u03b7<jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n              <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.21). WBTS was only marginally lower (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.017; \u03b7<jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n              <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.42) in CLD than HOT for MS (CLD: 5.8\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9 a.u.; HOT: 6.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.7 a.u.) and controls (CLD: 5.0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9 a.u.; HOT: 5.9\u2009\u00b1\u20090.7 a.u.). Passive heating worsened (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.027; \u03b7<jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n              <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.59) visual symptoms in the affected eye similarly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.356; \u03b7<jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n              <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.14) for HOT and CLD conditions. Heating reduced mf-VEPs amplitude in the left (affected) eye (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.007; \u03b7<jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n              <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.50) similarly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.332; \u03b7<jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n              <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.09) across groups and conditions. For the unaffected (right) eye, reductions in mf-VEPs amplitude were greater in MS than controls (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.031; \u03b7<jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n              <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.36), with no difference between conditions (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.339; \u03b7<jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n              <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.08). mf-VEPs latency and contrast sensitivity were unaffected by heating.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Localised skin cooling during passive heating to a moderate core temperature produces only a modest reduction in WBTS and does not mitigate heat-induced visual performance decrements. The limited perceptual difference achieved suggests the localised skin cooling was insufficient to meaningfully isolate the effects of skin temperature from core temperature.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-025-05838-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T11:31:25Z","timestamp":1749641485000},"page":"3195-3208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Toward isolating perceptual and physiological contributors to heat sensitivity in multiple sclerosis: insights from a new experimental model"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"Timothy","family":"English","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Barton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Barnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6076-6337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ollie","family":"Jay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"5838_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.43.9.849","volume":"43","author":"S Bajada","year":"1980","unstructured":"Bajada S, Mastaglia FL, Black JL, Collins DW (1980) Effects of induced hyperthermia on visual evoked potentials and saccade parameters in normal subjects and multiple sclerosis patients. 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