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Validating HRV-based thresholds could provide a cost-effective alternative for individualised exercise intensity prescription, improving safety and efficacy in exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programmes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty CHF patients (13 males, 7 females) performed a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) on a cycle ergometer. Ventilatory thresholds were identified using a mixed method, while HRV thresholds were determined at DFA a1 values of 0.75 (HRVT1) and 0.5 (HRVT2). Threshold values for oxygen consumption (VO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), heart rate (HR), and power output (PO) were compared with paired\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      test or Wilcoxon test. Agreement was assessed using correlation coefficients (Pearson\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      and Spearman\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>rho<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and Bland\u2013Altman analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      HRVT2 showed moderate-to-strong associations with VT2 for VO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>rho<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.88, ICC\u2009=\u20090.86), for HR (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.88, ICC\u2009=\u20090.81) and for PO (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.82, ICC\u2009=\u20090.85). Mean biases were small and limits of agreement (LoA) narrow. HRVT1 correlated only modestly with VT1 for VO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>rho<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.67, ICC\u2009=\u20090.43) and weakly for HR (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.43, ICC\u2009=\u20090.37) and PO (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.49, ICC\u2009=\u20090.35), with wide LoA.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In CHF patients, HRVT2 appears to be a valid, practical surrogate for VT2 and may facilitate personalised intensity prescription where full CPET is unavailable. HRVT1 showed insufficient agreement with VT1 and should be used with caution. Larger cohorts and protocol refinements are warranted to confirm these observations and to explore strategies for improving HRVT1 accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-025-05860-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T05:06:43Z","timestamp":1750828003000},"page":"3475-3484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Detection of exercise intensity thresholds in patients with chronic heart failure based on correlation properties of heart rate variability"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"125","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1271-7194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noem\u00ed","family":"Sempere-Ruiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1399-2411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"Manresa-Rocamora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1361-8806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Fuertes-Kenneally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1476-9776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Sanz-Rocher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8730-5600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabina","family":"Baladzhaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7362-1922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicente","family":"Climent-Pay\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2291-5899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Moya-Ram\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1917-6634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Sarabia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"5860_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1002\/EJHF.2115","volume":"23","author":"B Bozkurt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bozkurt B, Coats AJS, Tsutsui H et al (2021) Universal definition and classification of heart failure: a report of the Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, Japanese Heart Failure Society and Writing Committee of the Universal Definition of Heart Failure: Endorsed by the Canadian Heart Failure Society, Heart Failure Association of India, Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand, and Chinese Heart Failure Association. 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