{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T04:34:55Z","timestamp":1775277295465,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001791","name":"Griffith University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001791","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Appl Physiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The present study aimed to investigate which of two commonly performed running interval sessions elicited the greatest magnitude of and time spent with elevated muscle deoxygenation in trained middle-distance runners. Thirteen trained middle-distance runners (22.4\u2009\u00b1\u20093.2 y; 63.1\u2009\u00b1\u200910.9\u00a0kg;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20099 males) participated in the study. Subjects completed a field-based incremental running test and two interval sessions. The interval sessions comprised a 6\u2009\u00d7\u20091\u00a0km and a 15\u2009\u00d7\u2009400\u00a0m interval session, both with 1\u00a0min passive recovery periods. Both sessions were implemented with the aim of achieving the maximal sustainable pace for each repetition, while mean speed, heart rate, RPE, blood lactate concentration and muscle deoxygenation responses were monitored. Mean speed during the interval repetitions was significantly higher during the 400\u00a0m intervals (~\u20095.63\u2009\u00b1\u20090.35\u00a0m\u00b7s\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    vs\u2009~\u20095.30\u2009\u00b1\u20090.28\u00a0m\u00b7s\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Both the peak magnitude of muscle deoxygenation (absolute difference\u2009\u00b1\u2009CI 3.42\u2009\u00b1\u20092.23%;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.006) and the time spent with values\u2009&gt;\u200960% peak muscle deoxygenation (83.5\u2009\u00b1\u200966.4\u00a0s;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.02) were significantly greater during the 400\u00a0m intervals, while the time spent with a heart rate\u2009&gt;\u200990% peak heart rate was significantly longer during the 1\u00a0km interval session (570\u2009\u00b1\u2009143,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Despite this, there was no difference in RPE, blood lactate concentration or peak heart rate between sessions. These findings suggest that 1\u00a0km intervals may preferentially target central physiologic responses while 400\u00a0m intervals may elicit greater peripheral physiological responses in trained middle-distance runners.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-025-05903-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T05:10:08Z","timestamp":1753333808000},"page":"387-395","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Maximizing muscle deoxygenation during interval training in middle-distance runners"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"126","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7266-2976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phillip","family":"Bellinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Will","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Llion","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"5903_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.1.1.50","volume":"1","author":"AM Batterham","year":"2006","unstructured":"Batterham AM, Hopkins WG (2006) Making meaningful inferences about magnitudes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 1(1):50\u201357","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"issue":"12","key":"5903_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001050","volume":"48","author":"PM Bellinger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bellinger PM, Minahan CL (2016) Additive benefits of \u03b2-alanine supplementation and sprint-interval training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 48(12):2417\u20132425","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"1","key":"5903_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002095","volume":"52","author":"P Bellinger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bellinger P et al (2019) Overreaching attenuates training-induced improvements in muscle oxidative capacity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 52(1):77\u201385","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"12","key":"5903_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002755","volume":"53","author":"P Bellinger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bellinger P et al (2021a) Determinants of performance in paced and maximal 800-m running time trials. Med Sci Sports Exerc 53(12):2635\u20132644","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"5903_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-020-04543-x","volume":"121","author":"P Bellinger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bellinger P et al (2021b) Determinants of last lap speed in paced and maximal 1500-m time trials. Eur J Appl Physiol 121:525\u2013537","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"5903_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199808000-00014","volume":"30","author":"D Bishop","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bishop D, Jenkins DG, Mackinnon LT (1998) The relationship between plasma lactate parameters, Wpeak and 1-h cycling performance in women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 30(8):1270\u20131275","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"5","key":"5903_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0029-x","volume":"43","author":"M Buchheit","year":"2013","unstructured":"Buchheit M, Laursen PB (2013a) High-intensity interval training, solutions to the programming puzzle: part I: cardiopulmonary emphasis. Sports Med 43(5):313\u2013338","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"5903_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0066-5","volume":"43","author":"M Buchheit","year":"2013","unstructured":"Buchheit M, Laursen PB (2013b) High-intensity interval training, solutions to the programming puzzle. Part II: anaerobic energy, neuromuscular load and practical applications. Sports Med 43(10):927\u2013954","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"06","key":"5903_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1105933","volume":"30","author":"M Buchheit","year":"2009","unstructured":"Buchheit M et al (2009) Muscle Deoxygenation during Repeated Sprint Running: Effect of Active vs. Passive Recov Int J Sports Med 30(06):418\u2013425","journal-title":"Passive Recov Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"5903_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-011-2021-1","volume":"112","author":"M Buchheit","year":"2012","unstructured":"Buchheit M et al (2012) Performance and physiological responses during a sprint interval training session: relationships with muscle oxygenation and pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics. Eur J Appl Physiol 112(2):767\u2013779","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"5903_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00406","volume":"3","author":"M Buchheit","year":"2012","unstructured":"Buchheit M, Hader K, Alberto M-V (2012) Tolerance to high-intensity intermittent running exercise: do oxygen uptake kinetics really matter? Front Physiol 3:406","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"5903_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050615","volume":"80","author":"MA Christmass","year":"1999","unstructured":"Christmass MA, Dawson B, Arthur PG (1999) Effect of work and recovery duration on skeletal muscle oxygenation and fuel use during sustained intermittent exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 80(5):436\u2013447","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5903_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00377698","volume":"67","author":"RA De Blasi","year":"1993","unstructured":"De Blasi RA et al (1993) Noninvasive measurement of human forearm oxygen consumption by near infrared spectroscopy. Eur J Appl Physiol 67(1):20\u201325","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5903_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410410001730043","volume":"23","author":"R Duffield","year":"2005","unstructured":"Duffield R, Dawson B, Goodman C (2005a) Energy system contribution to 400-metre and 800-metre track running. J Sports Sci 23(3):299\u2013307","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"5903_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410400021963","volume":"23","author":"R Duffield","year":"2005","unstructured":"Duffield R, Dawson B, Goodman C (2005b) Energy system contribution to 1500- and 3000-metre track running. J Sports Sci 23(10):993\u20131002","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"13","key":"5903_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8132","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19138132","volume":"19","author":"E Faelli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Faelli E et al (2022) High-intensity interval training for rowing: acute responses in national-level adolescent males. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19(13):8132","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"5903_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3033","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-011-2251-2","volume":"112","author":"A Ferri","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ferri A et al (2012) Determinants of performance in 1500-m runners. Eur J Appl Physiol 112(8):3033\u20133043","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"5903_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01481-2","volume":"51","author":"T Haugen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haugen T et al (2021) Crossing the golden training divide: the science and practice of training world-class 800- and 1500-m runners. Sports Med 51(9):1835\u20131854","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"5903_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00625.2011","volume":"111","author":"RA Jacobs","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jacobs RA et al (2011) Determinants of time trial performance and maximal incremental exercise in highly trained endurance athletes. J Appl Physiol 111(5):1422\u20131430","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5903_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"015007","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.23.1.015007","volume":"23","author":"CJ McManus","year":"2018","unstructured":"McManus CJ, Collison J, Cooper CE (2018) Performance comparison of the MOXY and PortaMon near-infrared spectroscopy muscle oximeters at rest and during exercise. J Biomed Opt 23(1):015007\u2013015007","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt"},{"issue":"1","key":"5903_CR21","first-page":"1","volume":"46","author":"AW Midgley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Midgley AW, Mcnaughton LR (2006) Time at or near VO2max during continuous and intermittent running. A review with special reference to considerations for the optimisation of training protocols to elicit the longest time at or near VO2max. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 46(1):1\u201314","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"issue":"10","key":"5903_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2018-0077","volume":"13","author":"M Paquette","year":"2018","unstructured":"Paquette M, Bieuzen F, Billaut F (2018) Muscle oxygenation rather than VO2max as a strong predictor of performance in sprint Canoe-Kayak. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 13(10):1299\u20131307","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"5903_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2019.00006","volume":"1","author":"M Paquette","year":"2019","unstructured":"Paquette M, Bieuzen F, Billaut F (2019) Sustained muscle deoxygenation vs sustained high VO2 during high-intensity interval training in sprint Canoe-Kayak. Front Sports Active Living 1:6","journal-title":"Front Sports Active Living"},{"issue":"10","key":"5903_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2743","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-021-04743-z","volume":"121","author":"M Paquette","year":"2021","unstructured":"Paquette M, Bieuzen F, Billaut F (2021) The effect of HIIT vs SIT on muscle oxygenation in trained sprint kayakers. Euro J Appl Physiol 121(10):2743\u20132759","journal-title":"Euro J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"5903_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13238","volume":"28","author":"RF Rodriguez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rodriguez RF et al (2018) Influence of averaging method on muscle deoxygenation interpretation during repeated-sprint exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 28(11):2263\u20132271","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"8","key":"5903_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01457-2","volume":"51","author":"MA Rosenblat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rosenblat MA et al (2021) Programming interval training to optimize time-trial performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med 51(8):1687\u20131714","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"5903_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01624-5","volume":"52","author":"MA Rosenblat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rosenblat MA, Granata C, Thomas SG (2022) Effect of interval training on the factors influencing maximal oxygen consumption: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med 52(6):1329\u20131352","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"5903_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1600-0838.2003.00353.x","volume":"14","author":"S Seiler","year":"2004","unstructured":"Seiler S, Sjursen JE (2004) Effect of work duration on physiological and rating scale of perceived exertion responses during self-paced interval training. Scand J Med Sci Sports 14(5):318\u2013325","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"1","key":"5903_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200101000-00024","volume":"33","author":"MR Spencer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Spencer MR, Gastin PB (2001) Energy system contribution during 200-to 1500-m running in highly trained athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33(1):157\u2013162","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"11","key":"5903_CR30","first-page":"872","volume":"94","author":"A Zafeiridis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zafeiridis A et al (2015) Oxygen delivery and muscle deoxygenation during continuous, long- and short-interval exercise. Int J Sports Med 94(11):872\u2013880","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"5903_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201700827R","volume":"3","author":"SVD Zwaard","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zwaard SVD et al (2018) Critical determinants of combined sprint and endurance performance: an integrative analysis from muscle fiber to the human body. FASEB J 3(4):2110\u20132123","journal-title":"FASEB J"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Applied Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-025-05903-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00421-025-05903-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-025-05903-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T12:42:11Z","timestamp":1770381731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00421-025-05903-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["5903"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-025-05903-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1439-6319","1439-6327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1439-6319","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-6327","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All subjects provided written informed consent prior to participating in this study which was approved by the Institution Research Ethics Committee.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}