{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:50:15Z","timestamp":1787241015616,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755734400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006397","name":"National Taiwan Normal University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006397","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Appl Physiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-025-05909-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T15:55:44Z","timestamp":1755791744000},"page":"713-724","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Acute impairments in glucose tolerance following one night of partial sleep restriction are not rescued by moderate-intensity walking in young men"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Che-Wei","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chieh-Sheng","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard S.","family":"Metcalfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0133-717X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yung-Chih","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"5909_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2015.10.002","volume":"30","author":"T Anothaisintawee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Anothaisintawee T, Reutrakul S, Van Cauter E, Thakkinstian A (2016) Sleep disturbances compared to traditional risk factors for diabetes development: systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 30:11\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2015.10.002","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"5909_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-21-0155","volume":"252","author":"C Antza","year":"2021","unstructured":"Antza C, Kostopoulos G, Mostafa S, Nirantharakumar K, Tahrani A (2021) The links between sleep duration, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Endocrinol 252(2):125\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/JOE-21-0155","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5909_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1054\/ptsp.2001.0071","volume":"2","author":"G Atkinson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Atkinson G (2001) Analysis of repeated measurements in physical therapy research. Phys Ther Sport 2(4):194\u2013208","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"issue":"4","key":"5909_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.91262.2008","volume":"106","author":"S Bajpeyi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bajpeyi S, Tanner CJ, Slentz CA, Duscha BD, McCartney JS, Hickner RC et al (2009) Effect of exercise intensity and volume on persistence of insulin sensitivity during training cessation. J Appl Physiol 106(4):1079\u20131085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.91262.2008. (Epub 2009\/02\/07)","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5909_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.6.1640","volume":"54","author":"R Belfort","year":"2005","unstructured":"Belfort R, Mandarino L, Kashyap S, Wirfel K, Pratipanawatr T, Berria R et al (2005) Dose-response effect of elevated plasma free fatty acid on insulin signaling. Diabetes 54(6):1640\u20131648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diabetes.54.6.1640","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"4","key":"5909_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3500-4","volume":"58","author":"JL Broussard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Broussard JL, Chapotot F, Abraham V, Day A, Delebecque F, Whitmore HR et al (2015) Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men. Diabetologia 58(4):791\u2013798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-015-3500-4","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"5909_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e40","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-2214","volume":"39","author":"JL Broussard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Broussard JL, Wroblewski K, Kilkus JM, Tasali E (2016) Two nights of recovery sleep reverses the effects of short-term sleep restriction on diabetes risk. Diabetes Care 39(3):e40\u2013e41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc15-2214. (Epub 2016\/01\/21)","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"5909_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-0699","volume":"59","author":"OM Buxton","year":"2010","unstructured":"Buxton OM, Pavlova M, Reid EW, Wang W, Simonson DC, Adler GK (2010) Sleep restriction for 1 week reduces insulin sensitivity in healthy men. Diabetes 59(9):2126\u20132133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db09-0699","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"2","key":"5909_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","volume":"28","author":"DJ Buysse","year":"1989","unstructured":"Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF 3rd, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ (1989) The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res 28(2):193\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4. (Epub 1989\/05\/01)","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"5909_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aar8590","volume":"4","author":"J Cedernaes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cedernaes J, Schonke M, Westholm JO, Mi J, Chibalin A, Voisin S et al (2018) Acute sleep loss results in tissue-specific alterations in genome-wide DNA methylation state and metabolic fuel utilization in humans. Sci Adv 4(8):eaar8590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.aar8590","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"10","key":"5909_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001654","volume":"50","author":"YC Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen YC, Betts JA, Walhin JP, Thompson D (2018) Adipose tissue responses to breaking sitting in men and women with central adiposity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 50(10):2049\u20132057. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001654","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"10","key":"5909_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003489","volume":"56","author":"YC Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen YC, Tseng CS, Hsu CW (2024) Effects of breaking up sitting on gut hormone responses and subsequent compensatory behaviors in physically inactive adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 56(10):2049\u20132058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003489","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"5909_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115448","volume":"328","author":"J Coelho","year":"2023","unstructured":"Coelho J, Lucas G, Micoulaud-Franchi JA, Philip P, Boyer L, Fond G (2023) Poor sleep is associated with work environment among 10,087 French healthcare workers: results from a nationwide survey. Psychiatry Res 328:115448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115448","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"5909_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-006-0522-y","volume":"50","author":"C D\u2019Alessandris","year":"2007","unstructured":"D\u2019Alessandris C, Lauro R, Presta I, Sesti G (2007) C-reactive protein induces phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 on Ser307 and Ser 612 in L6 myocytes, thereby impairing the insulin signalling pathway that promotes glucose transport. Diabetologia 50(4):840\u2013849. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-006-0522-y. (Epub 2007\/02\/07)","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"5909_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00992","volume":"8","author":"JFT de Souza","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Souza JFT, Dattilo M, de Mello MT, Tufik S, Antunes HKM (2017) High-intensity interval training attenuates insulin resistance induced by sleep deprivation in healthy males. Front Physiol 8:992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2017.00992","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"5909_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275287","volume":"17","author":"X Dong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dong X, Yang S, Guo Y, Lv P, Wang M, Li Y (2022) Validation of Fitbit Charge 4 for assessing sleep in Chinese patients with chronic insomnia: a comparison against polysomnography and actigraphy. PLoS ONE 17(10):e0275287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0275287","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"5909_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2963","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2430","volume":"95","author":"E Donga","year":"2010","unstructured":"Donga E, van Dijk M, van Dijk JG, Biermasz NR, Lammers GJ, van Kralingen KW et al (2010) A single night of partial sleep deprivation induces insulin resistance in multiple metabolic pathways in healthy subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95(6):2963\u20132968. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2009-2430","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"5909_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512004448","volume":"109","author":"NM Farah","year":"2013","unstructured":"Farah NM, Gill JM (2013) Effects of exercise before or after meal ingestion on fat balance and postprandial metabolism in overweight men. Br J Nutr 109(12):2297\u20132307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0007114512004448","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"9","key":"5909_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01473-2","volume":"51","author":"J Frampton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Frampton J, Cobbold B, Nozdrin M, Oo HTH, Wilson H, Murphy KG et al (2021) The effect of a single bout of continuous aerobic exercise on glucose, insulin and glucagon concentrations compared to resting conditions in healthy adults: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Sports Med 51(9):1949\u20131966. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-021-01473-2","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5909_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/30791","volume":"24","author":"F Germini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Germini F, Noronha N, Borg Debono V, Abraham Philip B, Pete D, Navarro T et al (2022) Accuracy and acceptability of wrist-wearable activity-tracking devices: systematic review of the literature. J Med Internet Res 24(1):e30791. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/30791","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"5909_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01505","volume":"5","author":"SJ Hardcastle","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hardcastle SJ, Ray H, Beale L, Hagger MS (2014) Why sprint interval training is inappropriate for a largely sedentary population. Front Psychol 5:1505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01505","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5909_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01219.2001","volume":"93","author":"EJ Henriksen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Henriksen EJ (2002) Invited review: effects of acute exercise and exercise training on insulin resistance. J Appl Physiol 93(2):788\u2013796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.01219.2001","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5909_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2024.2345414","volume":"42","author":"JY Hong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hong JY, Li YJ, Metcalfe RS, Chen YC (2024) Effects of acute and chronic stair-climbing exercise on metabolic health: a systematic review. J Sports Sci 42(6):498\u2013510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640414.2024.2345414","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"5909_CR25","first-page":"97","volume":"4","author":"JA Horne","year":"1976","unstructured":"Horne JA, Ostberg O (1976) A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. Int J Chronobiol 4(2):97\u2013110 (Epub 1976\/01\/01)","journal-title":"Int J Chronobiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5909_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00707.2003","volume":"96","author":"JA Houmard","year":"2004","unstructured":"Houmard JA, Tanner CJ, Slentz CA, Duscha BD, McCartney JS, Kraus WE (2004) Effect of the volume and intensity of exercise training on insulin sensitivity. J Appl Physiol 96(1):101\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00707.2003. (Epub 2003\/09\/16)","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"5909_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-830512","volume":"26","author":"AE Jeukendrup","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jeukendrup AE, Wallis GA (2005) Measurement of substrate oxidation during exercise by means of gas exchange measurements. Int J Sports Med 26(Suppl 1):S28-37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2004-830512","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"5909_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2020-1043","volume":"46","author":"DA Johnson-Bonson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Johnson-Bonson DA, Narang BJ, Davies RG, Hengist A, Smith HA, Watkins JD et al (2021) Interactive effects of acute exercise and carbohydrate-energy replacement on insulin sensitivity in healthy adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 46(10):1207\u20131215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/apnm-2020-1043","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"5909_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40.e2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2018.03.007","volume":"43","author":"K Kato","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kato K, Otsuka T, Saiki Y, Kobayashi N, Nakamura T, Kon Y et al (2019) Association between elevated C-reactive protein levels and prediabetes in adults, particularly impaired glucose tolerance. Can J Diabetes 43(1):40.e2-45.e2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcjd.2018.03.007. (Epub 2018\/07\/22)","journal-title":"Can J Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"5909_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/nuf.12005","volume":"48","author":"A Korompeli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Korompeli A, Chara T, Chrysoula L, Sourtzi P (2013) Sleep disturbance in nursing personnel working shifts. Nurs Forum 48(1):45\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nuf.12005","journal-title":"Nurs Forum"},{"key":"5909_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2895-8_5","volume":"872","author":"T Kuo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kuo T, McQueen A, Chen TC, Wang JC (2015) Regulation of glucose homeostasis by glucocorticoids. Adv Exp Med Biol 872:99\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-2895-8_5. (Epub 2015\/07\/29)","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5909_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-023-05278-1","volume":"124","author":"F-C Kuo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kuo F-C, Lin Y-T, Chueh T-Y, Chang Y-K, Hung T-M, Chen Y-C (2024) Breaking prolonged sitting increases 24-h physical activity and self-perceived energy levels but does not acutely affect cognition in healthy adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 124(2):445\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-023-05278-1","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"5909_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.10.010","volume":"23","author":"SJ Linton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Linton SJ, Kecklund G, Franklin KA, Leissner LC, Sivertsen B, Lindberg E et al (2015) The effect of the work environment on future sleep disturbances: a systematic review. Sleep Med Rev 23:10\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.10.010","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"5909_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2024.101926","volume":"75","author":"R Lok","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lok R, Qian J, Chellappa SL (2024) Sex differences in sleep, circadian rhythms, and metabolism: implications for precision medicine. Sleep Med Rev 75:101926. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2024.101926","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"5909_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000339","volume":"52","author":"A Maloney","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maloney A, Kanaley JA (2024) Short sleep duration disrupts glucose metabolism: can exercise turn back the clock? Exerc Sport Sci Rev 52(3):77\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/JES.0000000000000339","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"5909_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181b3b16d","volume":"42","author":"RJ Manders","year":"2010","unstructured":"Manders RJ, Van Dijk JW, van Loon LJ (2010) Low-intensity exercise reduces the prevalence of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 42(2):219\u2013225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181b3b16d. (Epub 2009\/11\/21)","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"11","key":"5909_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-015-3217-6","volume":"115","author":"RS Metcalfe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Metcalfe RS, Koumanov F, Ruffino JS, Stokes KA, Holman GD, Thompson D et al (2015) Physiological and molecular responses to an acute bout of reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training (REHIT). Eur J Appl Physiol 115(11):2321\u20132334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-015-3217-6","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"5909_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00495","volume":"11","author":"M Munan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Munan M, Oliveira CLP, Marcotte-Chenard A, Rees JL, Prado CM, Riesco E et al (2020) Acute and chronic effects of exercise on continuous glucose monitoring outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 11:495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2020.00495","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"9","key":"5909_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2606","volume":"36","author":"SA Newsom","year":"2013","unstructured":"Newsom SA, Everett AC, Hinko A, Horowitz JF (2013) A single session of low-intensity exercise is sufficient to enhance insulin sensitivity into the next day in obese adults. Diabetes Care 36(9):2516\u20132522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc12-2606","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"5909_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E522","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2000.278.3.E522","volume":"278","author":"ML Parolin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Parolin ML, Spriet LL, Hultman E, Hollidge-Horvat MG, Jones NL, Heigenhauser GJ (2000) Regulation of glycogen phosphorylase and PDH during exercise in human skeletal muscle during hypoxia. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 278(3):E522\u2013E534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.2000.278.3.E522","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"5909_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13381","volume":"30","author":"JW Porter","year":"2021","unstructured":"Porter JW, Pettit-Mee RJ, Emerson TS, McCrae CS, Lastra G, Vieira-Potter VJ et al (2021) Modest sleep restriction does not influence steps, physical activity intensity or glucose tolerance in obese adults. J Sleep Res 30(6):e13381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsr.13381","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"5909_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-3911","volume":"100","author":"MN Rao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rao MN, Neylan TC, Grunfeld C, Mulligan K, Schambelan M, Schwarz JM (2015) Subchronic sleep restriction causes tissue-specific insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100(4):1664\u20131671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2014-3911","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"5909_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041218","volume":"7","author":"AC Reynolds","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reynolds AC, Dorrian J, Liu PY, Van Dongen HP, Wittert GA, Harmer LJ et al (2012) Impact of five nights of sleep restriction on glucose metabolism, leptin and testosterone in young adult men. PLoS ONE 7(7):e41218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0041218. (Epub 2012\/07\/31)","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"5909_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqz063","volume":"69","author":"D Rosa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rosa D, Terzoni S, Dellafiore F, Destrebecq A (2019) Systematic review of shift work and nurses\u2019 health. Occup Med (Lond) 69(4):237\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/occmed\/kqz063","journal-title":"Occup Med (Lond)"},{"key":"5909_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.001","volume":"37","author":"NJ Saner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saner NJ, Bishop DJ, Bartlett JD (2018) Is exercise a viable therapeutic intervention to mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance induced by sleep loss? Sleep Med Rev 37:60\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.001","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"5909_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101110","volume":"43","author":"NJ Saner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saner NJ, Lee MJ, Kuang J, Pitchford NW, Roach GD, Garnham A et al (2021) Exercise mitigates sleep-loss-induced changes in glucose tolerance, mitochondrial function, sarcoplasmic protein synthesis, and diurnal rhythms. Mol Metab 43:101110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101110. (Epub 20201031)","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"5909_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/34.3.371","volume":"34","author":"SM Schmid","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schmid SM, Hallschmid M, Jauch-Chara K, Wilms B, Lehnert H, Born J et al (2011) Disturbed glucoregulatory response to food intake after moderate sleep restriction. Sleep 34(3):371\u2013377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/34.3.371","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"3","key":"5909_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-2073","volume":"38","author":"Z Shan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shan Z, Ma H, Xie M, Yan P, Guo Y, Bao W et al (2015) Sleep duration and risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Diabetes Care 38(3):529\u2013537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc14-2073","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"5909_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-019-02300-4","volume":"472","author":"TPJ Solomon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Solomon TPJ, Tarry E, Hudson CO, Fitt AI, Laye MJ (2020) Immediate post-breakfast physical activity improves interstitial postprandial glycemia: a comparison of different activity-meal timings. Pflugers Arch 472(2):271\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00424-019-02300-4","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"issue":"5","key":"5909_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2009.23","volume":"5","author":"K Spiegel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Spiegel K, Tasali E, Leproult R, Van Cauter E (2009) Effects of poor and short sleep on glucose metabolism and obesity risk. Nat Rev Endocrinol 5(5):253\u2013261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrendo.2009.23","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"5909_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00754","volume":"9","author":"NR Sproston","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sproston NR, Ashworth JJ (2018) Role of C-reactive protein at sites of inflammation and infection. Front Immunol 9:754. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00754","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5909_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803175","volume":"30","author":"J Stevens","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stevens J, Truesdale KP, McClain JE, Cai J (2006) The definition of weight maintenance. Int J Obes (Lond) 30(3):391\u2013399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803175","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"7","key":"5909_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2023-0635","volume":"21","author":"T Strain","year":"2024","unstructured":"Strain T, Kelly P, Gibb R, Allison M, Mutrie N, Murphy M (2024) Is Scotland walking in the right direction? A cross-sectional analysis of trends in walking by socioeconomic status. J Phys Act Health 21(7):707\u2013716. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jpah.2023-0635","journal-title":"J Phys Act Health"},{"key":"5909_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13498","author":"EL Sweeney","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sweeney EL, Jeromson S, Hamilton DL, Brooks NE, Walshe IH (2017) Skeletal muscle insulin signaling and whole-body glucose metabolism following acute sleep restriction in healthy males. Physiol Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14814\/phy2.13498","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"5909_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2019-0235","volume":"30","author":"EL Sweeney","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sweeney EL, Peart DJ, Kyza I, Harkes T, Ellis JG, Walshe IH (2020) Impaired insulin profiles following a single night of sleep restriction: the impact of acute sprint interval exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 30(2):139\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijsnem.2019-0235. (Epub 2019\/12\/08)","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"5909_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1955.8.1.73","volume":"8","author":"HL Taylor","year":"1955","unstructured":"Taylor HL, Buskirk E, Henschel A (1955) Maximal oxygen intake as an objective measure of cardio-respiratory performance. J Appl Physiol 8(1):73\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1955.8.1.73","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"5909_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10020123","author":"HL Taylor","year":"2018","unstructured":"Taylor HL, Wu CL, Chen YC, Wang PG, Gonzalez JT, Betts JA (2018) Post-exercise carbohydrate-energy replacement attenuates insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance the following morning in healthy adults. Nutrients. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu10020123","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"6","key":"5909_CR58","first-page":"487","volume":"64","author":"T VanHelder","year":"1993","unstructured":"VanHelder T, Symons JD, Radomski MW (1993) Effects of sleep deprivation and exercise on glucose tolerance. Aviat Space Environ Med 64(6):487\u2013492","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"5909_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac231","author":"S Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang S, Rossheim ME, Nandy RR (2023) Trends in prevalence of short sleep duration and trouble sleeping among US adults, 2005\u20132018. Sleep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsac231","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"6","key":"5909_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4716","volume":"38","author":"NF Watson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Watson NF, Badr MS, Belenky G, Bliwise DL, Buxton OM, Buysse D et al (2015) Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: a joint consensus statement of the american academy of sleep medicine and sleep research society. Sleep 38(6):843\u2013844. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5665\/sleep.4716. (Epub 20150601)","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"7","key":"5909_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2801","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-02636","volume":"104","author":"B Wilms","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wilms B, Chamorro R, Hallschmid M, Trost D, Forck N, Schultes B et al (2019a) Timing modulates the effect of sleep loss on glucose homeostasis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 104(7):2801\u20132808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2018-02636","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"5909_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01663","volume":"104","author":"B Wilms","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wilms B, Leineweber EM, Molle M, Chamorro R, Pommerenke C, Salinas-Riester G et al (2019b) Sleep loss disrupts morning-to-evening differences in human white adipose tissue transcriptome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 104(5):1687\u20131696. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2018-01663","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"5909_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/43.1.167","volume":"43","author":"TM Wolever","year":"1986","unstructured":"Wolever TM, Jenkins DJ (1986) The use of the glycemic index in predicting the blood glucose response to mixed meals. Am J Clin Nutr 43(1):167\u2013172","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"5909_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4402","volume":"38","author":"PM Wong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wong PM, Manuck SB, DiNardo MM, Korytkowski M, Muldoon MF (2015) Shorter sleep duration is associated with decreased insulin sensitivity in healthy white men. Sleep 38(2):223\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5665\/sleep.4402","journal-title":"Sleep"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Applied Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-025-05909-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00421-025-05909-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-025-05909-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T12:20:04Z","timestamp":1772194804000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00421-025-05909-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["5909"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-025-05909-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1439-6319","1439-6327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1439-6319","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-6327","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}