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The kinetics of the thermal contrast index (TCI), associated with activated perforasomes, and correlation with selected cardiovascular, metabolic, and subjective parameters have not been investigated during exercise.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      After a 5\u00a0min warm-up,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200921 male cyclists performed an incremental test on a cycling ergometer until volitional exhaustion, followed by 15\u00a0min passive recovery. Lactate, heart rate, energy expenditure, oxygen consumption, and rating of perceived exertion were monitored continuously. Skin temperature (T\n                      <jats:sub>sk<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and TCI from anterior and posterior thigh were taken every 5\u00a0min following the TISEM checklist. TCI was calculated based on the temperature difference of the 10% hottest and 10% coldest pixels within the ROI.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      TCI increased significantly in 27 of 36 total pairwise comparisons of consecutive exercise increments (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001 to &lt;0.05, \u2206 2.95\u00a0\u00b0C), while T\n                      <jats:sub>sk<\/jats:sub>\n                      decreased in 20 increments (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001 to &lt;0.05, \u2206 1.85\u00a0\u00b0C) from rest to exhaustion. During the recovery period, TCI declined significantly at 5-min post-exercise (400\u00a0W: 4.33\u00a0\u00b0C vs. post 5: 2.93\u00a0\u00b0C,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), whereas T\n                      <jats:sub>sk<\/jats:sub>\n                      increased significantly after 10\u00a0min (400 W: 30.10\u00a0\u00b0C vs. post 10: 31.33\u00a0\u00b0C,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). TCI showed stronger positive correlations with the internal load parameter (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.48 to 0.72, all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) compared to the inverse correlations of T\n                      <jats:sub>sk<\/jats:sub>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.27 to \u22120.41,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study shows TCI reflects load changes more sensitively and correlates more strongly with physiological parameters than T\n                      <jats:sub>sk<\/jats:sub>\n                      , highlighting TCI\u2019s potential as a real-time load surrogate.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-025-05943-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T10:15:05Z","timestamp":1757585705000},"page":"927-938","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Detection of activated perforasome patterns and the correlation with acute internal load parameters during and following incremental cycling"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"126","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4011-7135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas","family":"Masur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna F.","family":"Willenbockel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8097-191X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thekla","family":"Cordes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4686-8561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Billy","family":"Sperlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0277-9858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"D\u00fcking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"5943_CR1","first-page":"33","volume":"3","author":"A Arfaoui","year":"2014","unstructured":"Arfaoui A, Bertucci WM, Letellier T, Polidori G (2014) Thermoregulation during incremental exercise in masters cycling. 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