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Our aim was to investigate whether androgen levels are associated with body composition and physical performance in recreationally active and trained premenopausal females.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study examined two phases of the menstrual\/combined oral contraceptive (COC) cycle of healthy eumenorrheic (EUM) and COC using females (age 19\u201335\u00a0years,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200983). Total and free serum testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA-sulfate, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels were analyzed. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine the associations between androgen levels and fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass (FM), counter movement jump (CMJ), maximal isometric force production, and aerobic capacity (\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:alternatives>\n                          <jats:tex-math>$${\\dot{\\text{V}}\\text{O}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                          <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mover>\n                                <mml:mtext>V<\/mml:mtext>\n                                <mml:mo>\u02d9<\/mml:mo>\n                              <\/mml:mover>\n                              <mml:mtext>O<\/mml:mtext>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <\/mml:math>\n                        <\/jats:alternatives>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:sub>2peak<\/jats:sub>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      None of the measured androgens were significantly associated with body composition or physical performance outcomes in the pooled sample. However, significant androgen\u2013COC-use interactions indicated that the associations between DHEA and FFM (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.23,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.017), SHBG and FFM-FM-adjusted CMJ (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.72,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.041), and total testosterone and unadjusted\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:alternatives>\n                          <jats:tex-math>$${\\dot{\\text{V}}\\text{O}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                          <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mover>\n                                <mml:mtext>V<\/mml:mtext>\n                                <mml:mo>\u02d9<\/mml:mo>\n                              <\/mml:mover>\n                              <mml:mtext>O<\/mml:mtext>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <\/mml:math>\n                        <\/jats:alternatives>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:sub>2peak<\/jats:sub>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u2212\u00a00.27,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.016) differed according to COC-use. A significant association between SHBG and CMJ (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u2212\u00a00.66,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.047) and total testosterone and\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:alternatives>\n                          <jats:tex-math>$${\\dot{\\text{V}}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                          <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                            <mml:mover>\n                              <mml:mtext>V<\/mml:mtext>\n                              <mml:mo>\u02d9<\/mml:mo>\n                            <\/mml:mover>\n                          <\/mml:math>\n                        <\/jats:alternatives>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2peak<\/jats:sub>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.15,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.044) was found only in EUM; however, adjustment for FFM eliminated this statistical significance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serum androgen levels were not robustly associated with body composition or physical performance outcomes in healthy, recreationally active and trained premenopausal females. Hormonal contraceptive status may attenuate the associations between androgens and performance, driven potentially by FFM and individuals with high androgen levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-025-05993-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T01:34:31Z","timestamp":1758504871000},"page":"1937-1951","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Androgen levels of premenopausal females are not observably associated with body composition and physical performance, but may interact with hormonal contraceptive use"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"126","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8529-8824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera M.","family":"Salmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jari E.","family":"Karppinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terhi T.","family":"Piltonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heikki","family":"Kyr\u00f6l\u00e4inen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juha J.","family":"Hulmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johanna K.","family":"Ihalainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ritva S.","family":"Mikkonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"5993_CR890","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-39-2-340","volume":"39","author":"GE Abraham","year":"1974","unstructured":"Abraham GE (1974) Ovarian and adrenal contribution to peripheral androgens during the menstrual cycle. 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In the discussion section, the citation \u201cHaverinen et al. 2022, 2022\u201d incorrectly displayed the year twice. The citation should read \u201cHaverinen et al. 2022\u201d. In the discussion section, hyperlinks were missing for the references \u201cHaverinen et al. 2022; Wiegratz et al. 2003\u201d. The following reference was inadvertently omitted from the reference list: \u201cAbraham GE (1974). Ovarian and adrenal contribution to peripheral androgens during the menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 39(2):340\u2013346.","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem-39-2-340","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem-39-2-340","order":8,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"\u201d","order":9,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 March 2026","order":10,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":11,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":12,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-025-06043-2","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-025-06043-2","order":13,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The research was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 (MEndEx October 22, 2018, and NaisQs 1519\/13.00.04\/2021).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from each study participant before participation.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}}]}}