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However, the link between VO\n                      <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                      and mitochondrial function is complex, with no direct causality proven. Analysing mtDNA copy number offers an innovative way to understand aerobic performance by measuring mitochondrial biogenesis, although its relation to physical performance and fitness is not well studied, especially in trained individuals.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study aimed to compare VO\n                      <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                      and mtDNA copy number in blood leukocytes between highly trained runners and nontrained men. It also examined how leukocyte mtDNA content adapts to a 6-week HIIT aerobic training programme in nontrained individuals.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a cross-sectional study with 20 highly trained runners and 20 nontrained healthy subjects. Then, we implemented a 6-week HIIT training programme for the nontrained group, comparing their VO\n                      <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                      and mtDNA copy number to a control group. Participants trained 4\u00a0min\/4\u00a0min HIIT treadmill running, three times a week.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The cross-sectional part showed that highly trained runners had significantly higher mtDNA copy numbers than nontrained subjects (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.046;\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.652; 95% CI: [0.01, 1.28]; [medium\u2013large effect]); further, we observed a significant positive correlation between mtDNA copy number and VO\n                      <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                      combining both groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.013; R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.153 [small\u2013moderate effect]). After the 6-week HIIT programme, the intervention group showed significant increases in both VO\n                      <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and mtDNA copy number (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.015), with large and medium effect sizes, respectively. The intervention group\u2019s mtDNA copy number increased by 321.6\u2009\u00b1\u2009391.6%; 95% CI: [120.2, 522.9], compared to 12.8\u2009\u00b1\u200932.8%; 95% CI: [\u2212\u00a05.4, 30.9] in controls, indicating substantial interindividual variability, which could be attributed to a combination of biological factors, but we also observed indications of a potential responder versus non-responder pattern.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings align with previous research, indicating that mtDNA copy number correlates with VO\n                      <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                      , being higher in highly trained runners than in nontrained subjects, and increasing with training after a 6-week HIIT intervention. This study is novel in showing that a 6-week HIIT programme significantly boosts leukocyte mtDNA content, enhancing our understanding of individual adaptations to endurance training.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-025-06016-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T12:03:18Z","timestamp":1764936198000},"page":"2349-2359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Adaptation of mtDNA content to endurance training, a cross-sectional study and an endurance training intervention"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Isabel Mar\u00eda","family":"S\u00e1nchez Lorente","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9451-9799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Yvert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1073-7298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamara","family":"Iturriaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7042-578X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara","family":"Sanchez-Barroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8863-4686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar","family":"Larrosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7240-2082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarita","family":"P\u00e9rez-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3852-8217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catalina","family":"Santiago-Dorrego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"6016_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20250055","DOI":"10.1515\/bmc-2025-0055","volume":"16","author":"DM Abrego-Guandique","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abrego-Guandique DM, Aguilera Rojas NM, Chiari A, Luciani F, Cione E, Cannataro R (2025) The impact of exercise on mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. 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It was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Regional Clinical Research of the Community of Madrid (CEIm-R) approval no. Ref: 47\/764390.9\/17.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"All participants gave their written informed consent to participate and their consent to publish.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"All participants gave their written informed consent for publication.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}