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The purpose of this study was to examine whether ischemic preconditioning performed prior to endurance training in a long-term fashion enhances physiological adaptations and performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sixteen male distance runners (age: 34.1\u2009\u00b1\u20095.1 yrs, VO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      max: 55.0\u2009\u00b1\u20092.0\u00a0ml\/kg\/min) participated in the study. Training consisted of two high-intensity interval sessions (90\u2013100% VO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      max) and three continuous sessions (70\u201380% VO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      max) per week for eight weeks. Participants were divided into two groups of similar fitness level. Before interval training the ischemic preconditioning group (ISC,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20098) underwent 3\u2009\u00d7\u20095\u00a0min total blood flow occlusion in each leg (applied external pressure using cuffs: 250mmHg), while the control group (CON,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20098) underwent the same protocol but without pressure being applied. Pre and post training VO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      max, hematological profile, and blood pessure was evaluated, while a field-specific test of 5\u2009\u00d7\u20091000\u00a0m with 2\u00a0min break was executed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Training increased VO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      max (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01) in both groups (ISC: 3.92\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1 vs. 4.22\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1\u00a0L\/min, CON: 3.94\u2009\u00b1\u20090.20 vs. 4.05\u2009\u00b1\u20090.19\u00a0L\/min) but the increase was higher in ISC (training group x time interaction\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001). Post training average running time during the 5\u2009\u00d7\u20091000\u00a0m test was faster in ISC than CON (ISC: 211\u2009\u00b1\u20093 vs. 200\u2009\u00b1\u20094\u00a0s, CON: 210\u2009\u00b1\u20094 vs. 205\u2009\u00b1\u20095\u00a0s) (training group x time interaction\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.020). Pre versus post values in ISC compared to CON showed a more pronounced increase in blood volume (ISC: 4887\u2009\u00b1\u2009448 vs. 5415\u2009\u00b1\u2009438\u00a0ml, CON: 4788\u2009\u00b1\u2009489 vs. 5103\u2009\u00b1\u2009517\u00a0ml) (training group x time interaction\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.012) and plasma volume (ISC: 2663\u2009\u00b1\u2009309 vs. 3114\u2009\u00b1\u2009271\u00a0ml, CON: 2620\u2009\u00b1\u2009306 vs. 2912\u2009\u00b1\u2009246\u00a0ml) (training group x time interaction\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.009). Moreover, there was a training effect (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) for hemoglobin mass and red cell volume without differences between groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The intervention of ischemic preconditioning prior to interval training may enhance physiological adaptations mainly through hematological alterations and, thus, improve athletic performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-025-06120-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T07:12:40Z","timestamp":1768547560000},"page":"2681-2693","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Applying ischemic preconditioning prior to endurance training improves hematological profile and performance in long-distance runners"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"126","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8139-3389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Loukas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Stergiopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandros","family":"Sotiridis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Koskolou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nickos","family":"Geladas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"6120_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318262cb17","volume":"44","author":"T Bailey","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bailey T, Jones H, Gregson W, Atkinson G, Cable N, Thijssen D (2012) Effect of ischemic preconditioning on lactate accumulation and running performance. 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