{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T10:06:51Z","timestamp":1784369211719,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012352","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012352","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Appl Physiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-026-06150-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T11:05:34Z","timestamp":1773054334000},"page":"3775-3785","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cigarette smoking slows the on- and the off- cardiorespiratory and gas-exchange kinetics during moderate exercise in young, physically active adults"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"126","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6984-9323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Borrelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0939-392X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asia","family":"Motalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3369-9498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Doria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3693-971X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Toninelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5806-8305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7523-9102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Coratella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0691-3153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emiliano","family":"C\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9510-1653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna","family":"Rampichini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4420-2611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"6150_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1786-y","volume":"111","author":"A Adami","year":"2011","unstructured":"Adami A, Pogliaghi S, De Roia G, Capelli C (2011) Oxygen uptake, cardiac output and muscle deoxygenation at the onset of moderate and supramaximal exercise in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 111:1517\u20131527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-010-1786-y","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"6150_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00094.2016","volume":"122","author":"SP Almas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Almas SP, Werneck FZ, Coelho EF et al (2017) Heart rate kinetics during exercise in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. J Appl Physiol 122:893\u2013898. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00094.2016","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6150_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.07855","volume":"66","author":"AC de Andrello","year":"2021","unstructured":"Andrello AC, Donaria L, de Castro LA, Belo LF, Schneider LP, Machado FV, Ribeiro M, Probst VS, Hernandes NA, Pitta F (2021) Maximum Voluntary Ventilation and Its Relationship With Clinical Outcomes in Subjects With COPD. Respir Care 66(1):79\u201386. Epub 2020 Aug 18. PMID: 32817442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4187\/respcare.07855","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"6150_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16053","volume":"25","author":"PS Azevedo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Azevedo PS, Polegato BF, Paiva S et al (2021) The role of glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in cardiac remodelling induced by cigarette smoke exposure. J Cell Mol Med 25:1314\u20131318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcmm.16053","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"6150_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.60.6.2020","volume":"60","author":"WL Beaver","year":"1986","unstructured":"Beaver WL, Wasserman K, Whipp BJ (1986) A new method for detecting anaerobic threshold by gas exchange. J Appl Physiol 60:2020\u20132027. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1986.60.6.2020","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"6150_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00988.2016","volume":"123","author":"AP Benson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Benson AP, Bowen TS, Ferguson C et al (2017) Data collection, handling, and fitting strategies to optimize accuracy and precision of oxygen uptake kinetics estimation from breath-by-breath measurements. J Appl Physiol 123:227\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00988.2016","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"6150_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000064955.31005.E0","volume":"35","author":"CM Bernaards","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bernaards CM, Twisk JWR, Van Mechelen W et al (2003) A longitudinal study on smoking in relationship to fitness and heart rate response. Med Sci Sports Exerc 35:793\u2013800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/01.MSS.0000064955.31005.E0","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"6150_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.73.4.1644","volume":"73","author":"T Binzoni","year":"1992","unstructured":"Binzoni T, Ferretti G, Schenker K, Cerretelli P (1992) Phosphocreatine hydrolysis by 31P-NMR at the onset of constant-load exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol 73:1644\u20131649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1992.73.4.1644","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"6150_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003602","volume":"57","author":"M Borrelli","year":"2025","unstructured":"Borrelli M, Doria C, Toninelli N et al (2025) Cigarette smoking impairs cardiorespiratory and metabolic response at peak incremental exercise and during recovery in Young, physically active adults. Med Sci Sport Exerc 57:680\u2013690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003602","journal-title":"Med Sci Sport Exerc"},{"key":"6150_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1989.67.2.547","volume":"67","author":"R Casaburi","year":"1989","unstructured":"Casaburi R, Barstow TJ, Robinson T, Wasserman K (1989) Influence of work rate on ventilatory and gas exchange kinetics. J Appl Physiol 67:547\u2013555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1989.67.2.547","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"6150_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1963.18.2.357","volume":"18","author":"RB Chevalier","year":"1963","unstructured":"Chevalier RB, Bowers JA, Bondurant S, Ross JC (1963) Circulatory and ventilatory effects of exercise in smokers and nonsmokers. J Appl Physiol 18:357\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1963.18.2.357","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"6150_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.97.2.276","volume":"97","author":"TW Chick","year":"1990","unstructured":"Chick TW, Cagle TG, Vegas FA et al (1990) Recovery of gas exchange variables and heart rate after maximal exercise in COPD. Chest 97:276\u2013279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.97.2.276","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"6150_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB","volume":"35","author":"CL Craig","year":"2003","unstructured":"Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjostrom M et al (2003) International physical activity questionnaire: 12-Country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sport Exerc 35:1381\u20131395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB","journal-title":"Med Sci Sport Exerc"},{"key":"6150_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00859","volume":"10","author":"P de Tarso Muller","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Tarso Muller P, Barbosa GW, O\u2019Donnell DE, Alberto Neder J (2019) Cardiopulmonary and muscular interactions: potential implications for exercise (In)tolerance in symptomatic smokers without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Front Physiol 10:859. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2019.00859","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"6150_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/bfb0035266","volume":"89","author":"PE di Prampero","year":"1981","unstructured":"di Prampero PE (1981) Energetics of muscular exercise. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 89:143\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bfb0035266","journal-title":"Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"6150_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1080\/15412555.2017.1281901","volume":"14","author":"AF Elbehairy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Elbehairy AF, Faisal A, Guenette JA et al (2017) Resting physiological correlates of reduced exercise capacity in smokers with mild airway obstruction. COPD J Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis 14:267\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15412555.2017.1281901","journal-title":"COPD J Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis"},{"key":"6150_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00077-2016","volume":"48","author":"AF Elbehairy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Elbehairy AF, Guenette JA, Faisal A et al (2016) Mechanisms of exertional dyspnoea in symptomatic smokers without COPD. Eur Respir J 48:694\u2013705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.00077-2016","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"6150_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-014-2911-0","volume":"114","author":"G Ferretti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ferretti G (2014) Maximal oxygen consumption in healthy humans: theories and facts. Eur J Appl Physiol 114:2007\u20132036. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-014-2911-0","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"6150_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-05636-4","volume-title":"Energetics of muscular exercise","author":"G Ferretti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ferretti G (2015) Energetics of muscular exercise. Springer International Publishing, Cham"},{"key":"6150_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-022-04901-x","volume":"122","author":"G Ferretti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ferretti G, Fagoni N, Taboni A et al (2022) A century of exercise physiology: key concepts on coupling respiratory oxygen flow to muscle energy demand during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 122:1317\u20131365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-022-04901-x","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"6150_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201908-1590ST","volume":"200","author":"BL Graham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Graham BL, Steenbruggen I, Miller MR et al (2019) Standardization of spirometry 2019 Update. An official American thoracic society and European respiratory society technical statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 200:e70\u2013e88. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201908-1590ST","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"6150_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278","volume":"41","author":"WG Hopkins","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hopkins WG, Marshall SW, Batterham AM, Hanin J (2009) Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Med Sci Sports Exerc 41:3\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"6150_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-181340","volume":"26","author":"A Karimi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Karimi A, Razaghi R (2018) The role of smoking on the mechanical properties of the human lung. Technol Heal Care 26:963\u2013972. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/THC-181340","journal-title":"Technol Heal Care"},{"key":"6150_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1987.62.5.2003","volume":"62","author":"N Lamarra","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lamarra N, Whipp BJ, Ward SA, Wasserman K (1987) Effect of interbreath fluctuations on characterizing exercise gas exchange kinetics. J Appl Physiol 62:2003\u20132012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1987.62.5.2003","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"6150_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E89","DOI":"10.15167\/2421-4248\/jpmh2021.62.1.1763","volume":"62","author":"A Lorensia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lorensia A, Muntu CM, Suryadinata RV, Septiani R (2021) Effect of lung function disorders and physical activity on smoking and non-smoking students. J Prev Med Hyg 62:E89\u2013E96. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15167\/2421-4248\/jpmh2021.62.1.1763","journal-title":"J Prev Med Hyg"},{"key":"6150_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199927050-00001","volume":"27","author":"P McDonough","year":"1999","unstructured":"McDonough P, Moffatt RJ (1999) Smoking induced elevations in blood Carboxyhaemoglobin levels: effect on maximal oxygen uptake. Sport Med 27:275\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00007256-199927050-00001","journal-title":"Sport Med"},{"key":"6150_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12665","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312665","volume":"18","author":"W Melliti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Melliti W, Kammoun R, Masmoudi D et al (2021) Effect of Six-Minute walk test and incremental exercise on inspiratory Capacity, ventilatory Constraints, breathlessness and exercise performance in sedentary male smokers without airway obstruction. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18:12665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph182312665","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"6150_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2011.572991","volume":"29","author":"GV Mendonca","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mendonca GV, Pereira FD, Fernhall B (2011) Effects of cigarette smoking on cardiac autonomic function during dynamic exercise. J Sports Sci 29:879\u2013886. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640414.2011.572991","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"6150_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00034805","volume":"26","author":"MR Miller","year":"2005","unstructured":"Miller MR (2005) Standardisation of spirometry. Eur Respir J 26:319\u2013338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/09031936.05.00034805","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"6150_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R218","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00060.2011","volume":"301","author":"JM Murias","year":"2011","unstructured":"Murias JM, Spencer MD, Kowalchuk JM, Paterson DH (2011) Influence of phase I duration on phase II V\u0307O2 kinetics parameter estimates in older and young adults. Am J Physiol Integr Comp Physiol 301:R218\u2013R224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpregu.00060.2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"6150_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1982.53.6.1594","volume":"53","author":"LE Nery","year":"1982","unstructured":"Nery LE, Wasserman K, Andrews JD et al (1982) Ventilatory and gas exchange kinetics during exercise in chronic airways obstruction. J Appl Physiol 53:1594\u20131602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1982.53.6.1594","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"6150_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431X20165512","volume":"49","author":"CDC Neves","year":"2016","unstructured":"Neves CDC, Lacerda ACR, Lage VKS et al (2016) Oxidative stress and skeletal muscle dysfunction are present in healthy smokers. Brazilian J Med Biol Res 49:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1414-431X20165512","journal-title":"Brazilian J Med Biol Res"},{"key":"6150_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/1462220021000032726","volume":"4","author":"K Okuyemi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Okuyemi K, Harris KJ, Scheibmeir M et al (2002) Light smokers: issues and recommendations. Nicotine Tob Res 4:103\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1462220021000032726","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"6150_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1982.52.4.1013","volume":"52","author":"A Oren","year":"1982","unstructured":"Oren A, Whipp BJ, Wasserman K (1982) Effect of acid-base status on the kinetics of the ventilatory response to moderate exercise. J Appl Physiol 52:1013\u20131017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1982.52.4.1013","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"6150_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1097\/HJR.0b013e3280ecfe2c","volume":"14","author":"G Papathanasiou","year":"2007","unstructured":"Papathanasiou G, Georgakopoulos D, Georgoudis G et al (2007) Effects of chronic smoking on exercise tolerance and on heart rate-systolic blood pressure product in young healthy adults. Eur J Prev Cardiol 14:646\u2013652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HJR.0b013e3280ecfe2c","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"6150_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pellegrino R, Viegi G, Brusasco V, Crapo RO, Burgos F, Casaburi R, Coates A, van der Grinten CP, Gustafsson P, Hankinson J, Jensen R, Johnson DC, MacIntyre N, McKay R, Miller MR, Navajas D, Pedersen OF, Wanger J (2005) Interpretative strategies for lung function tests. Eur Respir J. ;26(5):948-68. . PMID: 16264058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/09031936.05.00035205","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00035205"},{"key":"6150_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c100072","volume":"2","author":"DC Poole","year":"2012","unstructured":"Poole DC, Jones AM (2012) Oxygen uptake kinetics. Compr Physiol 2:933\u2013996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cphy.c100072","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"6150_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2015.2735","volume":"175","author":"EA Regan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Regan EA, Lynch DA, Curran-Everett D et al (2015) Clinical and radiologic disease in smokers with normal spirometry. JAMA Intern Med 175:1539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2015.2735","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"6150_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e472","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00102-X","volume":"6","author":"MB Reitsma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Reitsma MB, Flor LS, Mullany EC et al (2021) Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and initiation among young people in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019. Lancet Public Heal 6:e472\u2013e481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00102-X","journal-title":"Lancet Public Heal"},{"key":"6150_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1113\/EP091657","volume":"109","author":"HB Rossiter","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rossiter HB, Poole DC (2024) Measuring pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics: contemporary perspectives. Exp Physiol 109:322\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/EP091657","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"6150_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1024681","volume":"12","author":"A Rotstein","year":"1991","unstructured":"Rotstein A, Sagiv M, Yaniv-Tamir A et al (1991) Smoking effect on exercise response kinetics of oxygen uptake and related variables. Int J Sports Med 12:281\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2007-1024681","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"6150_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00762.2020","volume":"130","author":"AS Sadaka","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sadaka AS, Faisal A, Khalil YM et al (2021) Reduced skeletal muscle endurance and ventilatory efficiency during exercise in adult smokers without airflow obstruction. J Appl Physiol 130:976\u2013986. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00762.2020","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"6150_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202303-0476OC","volume":"208","author":"JD Sargent","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sargent JD, Halenar M, Steinberg AW et al (2023) Childhood cigarette smoking and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in older U.S. Adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 208:428\u2013434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.202303-0476OC","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"6150_CR3","volume-title":"Textbook of work physiology: physiological bases of exercise","author":"P-O \u00c5strand","year":"2003","unstructured":"\u00c5strand P-O, Rodahl K, Dahl H et al (2003) Textbook of work physiology: physiological bases of exercise. Human kinetics, Champaign"},{"key":"6150_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1097\/HJR.0b013e328336a124","volume":"17","author":"G Sven","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sven G, Koch B, Ittermann till et al (2010) Influence of age, sex, body size, smoking, and \u03b2 Blockade on key gas exchange exercise parameters in an adult population. Eur J Prev Cardiol 17:469\u2013476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HJR.0b013e328336a124","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"6150_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.21955","volume":"222","author":"K Tang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tang K, Wagner PD, Breen EC (2010) TNF-\u03b1-mediated reduction in PGC-1\u03b1 May impair skeletal muscle function after cigarette smoke exposure. J Cell Physiol 222:320\u2013327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcp.21955","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"6150_CR45","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2017) Findings from the Global Burden of Disease"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Applied Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-026-06150-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00421-026-06150-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-026-06150-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T09:56:22Z","timestamp":1784368582000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00421-026-06150-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["6150"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-026-06150-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1439-6319","1439-6327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1439-6319","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-6327","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of Interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the by the ethics committee of the University of Milan (#77\/20).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Participants signed informed consent regarding publishing their data and photographs.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to publish","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}