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Each visit included two EB-tests performed before and after a maximal treadmill exercise (Ex). Heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and oxygen uptake were measured, and estimation error was calculated as estimated\u2013measured VO\u2082max. Data were analysed using repeated measures ANOVA with condition (Caf, Pla) and time (pre-Ex, post-Ex) as within-subject factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants were 15 women and 17 men (33.5\u2009\u00b1\u200911.1 years). Resting HR and BP did not differ between trials, except for a modest increase in systolic BP after Caf (129\u2009\u00b1\u200914 mmHg vs. 122\u2009\u00b1\u200915 mmHg;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.042). Maximal HR and VO\u2082max were unaffected, but time to exhaustion increased with caffeine (438\u2009\u00b1\u200973\u00a0s vs. 415\u2009\u00b1\u200969\u00a0s;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.012). HR increased significantly from pre- to post-Ex, with no differences between Caf and Pla conditions. Estimation errors rose from pre- to post-Ex (\u20130.17 and \u2212\u20090.12\u00a0L\u00b7min\u207b\u00b9 to \u2212\u20090.28 and \u2212\u20090.30\u00a0L\u00b7min\u207b\u00b9), independent of caffeine intake, body mass, or measured VO\u2082max.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Caffeine did not affect the accuracy of the VO\u2082max estimation from the EB-test. However, strenuous exercise before testing increased estimation errors, suggesting that recent intense exercise has a greater impact on EB-test validity than moderate caffeine consumption.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-026-06182-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T06:03:55Z","timestamp":1772258635000},"page":"3461-3471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of caffeine and acute exercise on the validity of a submaximal cycle ergometer test: a randomised, placebo-controlled crossover study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"126","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8353-3766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frida","family":"Bj\u00f6rkman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Engstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torbj\u00f6rn","family":"Helge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d6rjan","family":"Ekblom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"6182_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2023.09.923","volume":"58","author":"SA Abbas-Hashemi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abbas-Hashemi SA, Hosseininasab D, Rastgoo S, Shiraseb F, Asbaghi O (2023) The effects of caffeine supplementation on blood pressure in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. 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