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Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) offers an alternative to exercise for individuals unable to perform voluntary physical activity. This study investigated whether a single submaximal NMES session alters inflammation-related proteins, muscle-damage markers and glucose levels in healthy adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-six healthy adults underwent a 2-hour NMES-session targeting the quadriceps, hamstring and gluteal muscles using wearable NMES-pants. Stimulation was delivered at individually tolerated intensities (visual analogue scale, (0\u201310), &lt;\u20094). Venous blood samples were collected immediately before and after NMES. Inflammatory proteins and myoglobin were quantified using OLINK multiplex proteomic panel (92 proteins), and metabolic markers including glucose, lactate, pH and electrolytes were assessed using standard laboratory methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 92 inflammatory proteins analyzed, 13 were nominally affected by NMES. After correction for multiple comparison, FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L) and fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) remained significantly downregulated (Flt3L: 9.45\u2009\u00b1\u20090.12 to 9.11\u2009\u00b1\u20090.17,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001; FGF19; 9.43\u2009\u00b1\u20090.88 to 8.80\u2009\u00b1\u20090.84,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001; both normalized protein expression (NPX)). Myoglobin increased (7.70\u2009\u00b1\u20090.50 to 8.24\u2009\u00b1\u20090.83 NPX;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), while blood glucose decreased modestly (5.35\u2009\u00b1\u20090.73 to 5.17\u2009\u00b1\u20090.36 mmol\/L;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.039). Lactate, pH, sodium and potassium remained unchanged.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A single submaximal NMES-session elicited acute systemic responses characterized by downregulation of key inflammation-related proteins, mild myoglobin elevation and lower glucose levels \u2013 changes that mirror patterns observed after moderate exercise. These findings suggest that NMES at well-tolerated submaximal intensities can induce metabolic adaptations and may represent a safe, exercise-mimicking intervention to counteract inflammation and metabolic dysfunction in individuals with limited physical activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-026-06216-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T11:55:03Z","timestamp":1775130903000},"page":"4723-4733","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Acute responses of inflammatory markers, glucose, and myoglobin in blood following neuromuscular electrical stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"126","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0095-064X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna","family":"Flodin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parsia","family":"Amiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan M.","family":"Reitzner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aisha S.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul W.","family":"Ackermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"6216_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alharbi A, Li J, Womack E, Farrow M, Yarar-Fisher C (2023) The Effect of Lower Limb Combined Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation on Skeletal Muscle Signaling for Glucose Utilization, Myofiber Distribution, and Metabolic Function after Spinal Cord Injury. 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Ackermann declares a potential conflict of interest, since he has granted patents related to neuromuscular electrical stimulation. UK Patents, publication number GB2601757 and GB2628347. A system comprising a controller and an electrical stimulation system. Otherwise, the authors declare no other conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}