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This study compares G-CSF and acute maximal exercise for HSC collection and cellular composition in 10 healthy family donors, examining links to donor fitness and recipient outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ten donors (3 females; 40.8 (18.3) years) and their recipients (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20098; 3 females; 47.5 (18.5) years) were enrolled. Donors completed cardiopulmonary exercise testing with blood samples taken pre- and post-exercise and on apheresis day for flow cytometric analysis. Recipients were followed up on day\u2009~\u200930 post-transplant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Exercise significantly increased circulating total CD34+\u2009cells (1.76-fold (0.51),\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002) and select progenitor subsets (CD34+CD45dim, 1.74-fold (0.56),\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006; and CD34+CD38+CD133+, 1.60-fold (0.46),\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.013), while other subsets showed no significant change (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05). Compared with post-exercise, apheresis resulted in markedly higher concentrations of total CD34+\u2009cells (20.7-fold (9.7),\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and all measured subsets. The largest enrichments were observed in CD34+\u2009CD38\u2212CD133+ (52.7-fold (69.3)\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.005) and CD34+CD38+CD133+ (38.2-fold (17.0),\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) populations. HSC collection at apheresis contained a 186.1-fold (72.3) elevation of immature granulocytes (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) compared to the acute exercise (1.5-fold (0.3)). The proportions of apoptotic CD34+\u00a0cells and their subpopulations were similar post-exercise to apheresis (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05). Donor CD34+CD38- cell number was significantly negatively associated with recipient engrafting CD34+CD45dimCD90+ cells\/\u00b5l (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      =-0.70,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.05,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20098).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exercise might complement pharmacological mobilization by enhancing key HSC subgroups, improving collection quality, and supporting transplantation success; future research should evaluate combined approaches and the role of CRF in donor suitability and recipient outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-026-06224-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T14:14:08Z","timestamp":1775830448000},"page":"4113-4126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cellular profile of hematopoietic stem cells mobilized by exercise versus G-CSF in healthy related donors"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"126","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1186-6019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elias","family":"Siebold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7241-426X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Infanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-J\u00fcrgen","family":"Gruber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregor T.","family":"Stehle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debbie","family":"Maurer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Egbert T.","family":"Ritter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0427-7747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Medinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Matteazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4662-3911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arno","family":"Schmidt-Trucks\u00e4ss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2394-2223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Holbro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9613-7268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia M.","family":"Kr\u00f6pfl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"6224_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2901","volume":"36","author":"S Afreen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Afreen S, Weiss JM, Strahm B, Erlacher M (2018) Concise review: cheating death for a better transplant. 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