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Yet, deep diving (e.g. saturation diving) can also lead to cognitive impairment, whose mechanisms remain largely elusive but relevant to determine.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Three Deep Divers (Italian Navy-Comsubin), with an average age of 31.00\u2009\u00b1\u20092.64 years, carried out a technical surface-supplied bounce diving in open water (-89m) in the Mediterranean Sea. From them, we collected saliva and urine samples before diving (T0), after deep diving followed by water-surface decompression (T1), and after complete subemersion (T2). To assess for pro-inflammatory and stress conditions, we evaluated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, DNA oxidation (8-OHdG), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), nitric oxide (NO\n                      <jats:sup>.<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) oxidation products, and the levels of interleukin-6, cortisol, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), dopamine, and glutamate.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At T1, ROS production increased (+\u2009121%) and continued to increase just to T2, coupled to a continuous rise in 8-OHdG, and a contemporary decline in TAC. Simultaneously, cortisol levels increased while those of dopamine decreased (-27%). BDNF levels were also sizably elevated (+\u2009175%). Conversely, no changes in pro-inflammatory markers and NO concentrations were evident.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Oxidative stress and neurotransmitter increase and\/or decrease (according to biomarkers evaluated) occur post-deep diving, suggesting preventative strategies to mitigate cognitive impairment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-026-06254-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T13:39:26Z","timestamp":1781357966000},"page":"5039-5053","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Imbalanced cortisol\/BDNF signals and oxidative stress underscore temporary cognitive impairment in deep divers after in water\/surface decompression: proof of concept"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"126","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7359-2690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Mrakic-Sposta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Di Cianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0696-2310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Moccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gualtiero","family":"Meloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0277-163X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Vezzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5859-5869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Marzola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1155-0628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Bosco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"6254_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2721","DOI":"10.1016\/s0024-3205(02)01537-0","volume":"70","author":"U Anegg","year":"2002","unstructured":"Anegg U, Dietmaier G, Maier A et al (2002) Stress-induced hormonal and mood responses in scuba divers: a field study. 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