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We measured metabolic rates and ground reaction forces and compared average running economy (W*kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) and biomechanical variables from four trials per shoe per runner.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>When runners wore NDF and OCS AFT spikes and NVN AFT shoes, running economy improved by 2.1%, 2.3%, and 1.9%, respectively, compared to NZV traditional spikes (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). These improvements coincided with 6.1%, 4.5%, and 8.9% increases in leg stiffness and 1.5%, 2.2%, and 2.3% increases in ground contact time for the NDF, OCS, and NVN, respectively, compared to NZV traditional spikes (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.002).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Running economy improved by 2.1% for athletes wearing compliant AFT spikes and shoes compared to traditional spikes. Future generations of AFT spikes that are designed with further increases in midsole compliance and energy return could improve race performance by eliciting potentially favorable biomechanical changes, such as increased leg stiffness and\/or ground contact time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-026-06257-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T15:05:36Z","timestamp":1779807936000},"page":"4507-4519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The running economy and biomechanics of competitive distance runners wearing advanced footwear technology spikes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"126","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4101-6628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bradley J.","family":"Needles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1953-2309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sewan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4432-618X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alena M.","family":"Grabowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"6257_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sports12120329","volume":"12","author":"A Alda-Blanco","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alda-Blanco A, Rodr\u00edguez-Barbero S, Rodrigo-Carranza V, Valero F, Chico P, Gonz\u00e1lez-Moh\u00edno F (2024) Influence of running surface using advanced footwear technology spikes on middle- and long-distance running performance measures. 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