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DFA \u03b11, oxygen consumption (\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$${\\dot{\\text{V}}\\text{O}}_{{2}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      ), HR, respiratory frequency (RF) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were assessed during the submaximal bouts, and\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$${\\dot{\\text{V}}\\text{O}}_{{2}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      peak and maximal power output (Wmax) during the maximal tests. A linear mixed effects model was used to analyse data.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Block2 showed significantly lower\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$${\\dot{\\text{V}}\\text{O}}_{{2}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      peak (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u2009\u2212\u20092.51\u00a0mL\u00b7kg\u207b\u00b9\u00b7min\u207b\u00b9) and Wmax (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u2009\u2212\u200924.3 W) values. DFA \u03b11 decreased significantly from PRE1 (1.32\u2009\u00b1\u20090.19) to POST1 (1.12\u2009\u00b1\u20090.34) and remained suppressed at Block2 (1.14\u2009\u00b1\u20090.31, 1.09\u2009\u00b1\u20090.35).\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$${\\dot{\\text{V}}\\text{O}}_{{2}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      (+\u20092.37\u00a0mL\u00b7kg\u207b\n                      <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00b7min\u207b\n                      <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), HR (+\u200915\u00a0bpm), RF (+\u20098 breaths\/min) and RPE (+\u20092) increased significantly in Block1 and stayed elevated in Block2. Following POST2, HR decreased (\u20134\u00a0bpm) and RF increased (+\u20091 breaths\/min) significantly. Training status significantly influenced absolute levels of DFA \u03b11, HR, and\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$${\\dot{\\text{V}}\\text{O}}_{{2}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      , but did not influence RPE or RF. Sex did not significantly alter kinetics of DFA \u03b11, HR,\u00a0V\u0307O\u2082, RPE and RF.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      DFA \u03b11 during submaximal exercise reflects both acute fatigue and non-recovered state in a repeated maximal test setting and may provide complementary information on autonomic and systemic demands when interpreted alongside\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$${\\dot{\\text{V}}\\text{O}}_{{2}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      , HR, RF and RPE.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-026-06267-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T18:15:02Z","timestamp":1783016102000},"page":"5461-5474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Kinetics of submaximal DFA \u03b11 prior and post maximal efforts in trained and highly trained male and female cyclists"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"126","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7157-2975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe","family":"Rayo Mart\u00edn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5610-6013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Gronwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0277-9858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"D\u00fcking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"6267_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.671900","volume":"15","author":"M Acampa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Acampa M, Voss A, Boji\u0107 T (2021) Editorial: cardiorespiratory coupling-novel insights for integrative biomedicine. 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