{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T16:35:15Z","timestamp":1790181315975,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universit\u00e4t, Frankfurt am Main"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Appl Physiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate conventional hamstring-to-quadriceps ratio across the menstrual cycle in distinct angular velocities in an eumenorrheic, physically active population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Repeated measures within-subjects design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Assessments were conducted in early follicular, ovulatory, and mid-luteal phase in\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200930 eumenorrheic females (age 27.2 yrs\u2009\u00b1\u20094.1; height 168.3\u00a0cm\u2009\u00b1\u20095.6; body mass 64.7\u00a0kg\u2009\u00b1\u20097.5; body fat 25.9% \u00b1 4.4; fat free mass 47.0\u00a0kg\u2009\u00b1\u20094.7, training hours 6.98\u2009\u00b1\u20093.01, cycle length 28.2\u2009\u00b1\u20092.9). Isokinetic concentric peak torque values of leg extension and leg flexion at 60\u00b0\u2219s\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\u20091<\/jats:sup>\n                      and 120\u00b0\u2219s\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\u20091<\/jats:sup>\n                      angular velocity were recorded. Participants performed five consecutive maximum repetitions, and the highest values were obtained for further analysis. Subsequently, conventional hamstring-to-quadriceps peak torque ratio (HQ Ratio) was calculated by dividing the highest peak torque value of leg flexion by the highest peak torque value of leg extension.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      HQ Ratio did not differ significantly across menstrual cycle phases at 60\u00b0\u2219s\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\u20091<\/jats:sup>\n                      (F (2,51)\u2009=\u20090.86,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.43), or at 120\u00b0\u2219s\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\u20091<\/jats:sup>\n                      (F (2, 52)\u2009=\u20090.46,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.64). Peak torque values of leg flexion did not differ significantly between menstrual cycle phases at 60\u00b0\u2219s\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\u20091<\/jats:sup>\n                      (F (2,50\u2009=\u20092.43,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.1) or at 120\u00b0\u2219s\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\u20091<\/jats:sup>\n                      (F (2,52)\u2009=\u20090.48,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.62). Furthermore, peak torque values of leg extension remained unaltered across distinct menstrual cycle phases at 60\u00b0\u2219s\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\u20091<\/jats:sup>\n                      (F (2,50)\u2009=\u20090.5,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.58), and at 120\u00b0\u2219s\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\u20091<\/jats:sup>\n                      (F (2,51)\u2009=\u20090.29,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.75).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Strength ratios of leg extensors and flexors do not seem to differ between cycle phases. Isokinetic peak torque values of knee extension and flexions seem to remain constant across distinct menstrual cycle phases. Results indicated that conventional isokinetic peak torque testing does not need to be scheduled according to the menstrual cycle.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-026-06279-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T14:50:59Z","timestamp":1780411859000},"page":"4629-4637","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Hamstring-to-quadriceps ratio across menstrual cycle phases in physically active women: a repeated-measures study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"126","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2206-7559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Heinrich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Hofstaetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Puschkasch-M\u00f6ck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Behringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"6279_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01041.2018","volume":"126","author":"P Ansdell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ansdell P, Brownstein CG, Skarabot J et al (2019) Menstrual cycle-associated modulations in neuromuscular function and fatigability of the knee extensors in eumenorrheic women. J Appl Physiol 126(6):1701\u20131712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.01041.2018","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"21","key":"6279_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-093398","volume":"48","author":"CL Ardern","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ardern CL, Taylor NF, Feller JA, Webster KE (2014) Fifty-five per cent return to competitive sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis including aspects of physical functioning and contextual factors. Br J Sports Med 48(21):1543\u20131552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2013-093398","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"6279_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e318230f50a","volume":"21","author":"DR Bell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bell DR, Blackburn JT, Ondrak KS et al (2011) The effects of oral contraceptive use on muscle stiffness across the menstrual cycle. Clin J Sport Med 21(6):467\u2013473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JSM.0b013e318230f50a","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"6279_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2020.04.022","volume":"23","author":"RC Blagrove","year":"2020","unstructured":"Blagrove RC, Bruinvels G, Pedlar CR (2020) Variations in strength-related measures during the menstrual cycle in eumenorrheic women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport 23(12):1220\u20131227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsams.2020.04.022","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"10","key":"6279_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2022-106099","volume":"57","author":"AM Bruder","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bruder AM, Culvenor AG, King MG et al (2023) Let\u2019s talk about sex (and gender) after ACL injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis of self-reported activity and knee-related outcomes. Br J Sports Med 57(10):602\u2013610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2022-106099","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"6279_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s11332-014-0213-x","volume":"11","author":"G Coratella","year":"2015","unstructured":"Coratella G, Bertinato L (2015) Isoload vs isokinetic eccentric exercise: a direct comparison of exercise-induced muscle damage and repeated bout effect. Sport Sci Health 11(1):87\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11332-014-0213-x","journal-title":"Sport Sci Health"},{"issue":"20","key":"6279_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app14209330","volume":"14","author":"D Franco","year":"2024","unstructured":"Franco D, Ambrosio L, Za P et al (2024) Effective prevention and rehabilitation strategies to mitigate non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries: a narrative review. Appl Sci (Basel) 14(20):9330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app14209330","journal-title":"Appl Sci (Basel)"},{"issue":"7","key":"6279_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967117718781","volume":"5","author":"SD Herzberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Herzberg SD, Motu\u2019apuaka ML, Lambert W, Fu R, Brady J, Guise JM (2017) The effect of menstrual cycle and contraceptives on ACL injuries and laxity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Orthop J Sports Med 5(7):1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2325967117718781","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"6279_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546505284183","volume":"34","author":"TE Hewett","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hewett TE, Myer GD, Ford KR (2006) Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes: Part 1, mechanisms and risk factors. Am J Sports Med 34(2):299\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546505284183","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"6279_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546506295699","volume":"35","author":"TE Hewett","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hewett TE, Zazulak BT, Myer GD (2007) Effects of the menstrual cycle on anterior cruciate ligament injury risk: a systematic review. Am J Sports Med 35(4):659\u2013668. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546506295699","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"6279_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2007.04.009","volume":"11","author":"TE Hewett","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hewett TE, Myer GD, Zazulak BT (2008) Hamstrings to quadriceps peak torque ratios diverge between sexes with increasing isokinetic angular velocity. J Sci Med Sport 11(5):452\u2013459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsams.2007.04.009","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"1","key":"6279_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-023-00670-9","volume":"10","author":"J H\u00f6gberg","year":"2024","unstructured":"H\u00f6gberg J, Piussi R, Wernbom M et al (2024) No Association Between Hamstrings-to-Quadriceps Strength Ratio and Second ACL Injuries After Accounting for Prognostic Factors: A Cohort Study of 574 Patients After ACL-Reconstruction. Sports Med - Open 10(1):7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40798-023-00670-9","journal-title":"Sports Med - Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"6279_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1519\/R-18795.1","volume":"21","author":"WR Holcomb","year":"2007","unstructured":"Holcomb WR, Rubley MD, Lee HJ, Guadagnoli MA (2007) Effect of hamstring-emphasized resistance training on hamstring:quadriceps strength ratios. J Strength Cond Res 21(1):41\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/R-18795.1","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"6279_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-097X.2007.00786.x","volume":"28","author":"FM Impellizzeri","year":"2008","unstructured":"Impellizzeri FM, Bizzini M, Rampinini E, Cereda F, Maffiuletti NA (2008) Reliability of isokinetic strength imbalance ratios measured using the Cybex NORM dynamometer. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 28(2):113\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1475-097X.2007.00786.x","journal-title":"Clin Physiol Funct Imaging"},{"key":"6279_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khowailed I, Petrofsky J, Lohman E, Daher N, Mohamed O (2015) 17\u03b2-estradiol induced effects on anterior cruciate ligament laxness and neuromuscular activation patterns in female runners. J Womens Health 2002 24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jwh.2014.5184","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2014.5184"},{"issue":"6","key":"6279_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14322","volume":"33","author":"M Kolodziej","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kolodziej M, Groll A, Nolte K et al (2023) Predictive modeling of lower extremity injury risk in male elite youth soccer players using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression. Scand J Med Sci Sports 33(6):1021\u20131033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.14322","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"6279_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kolodziej M, Nolte K, Schmidt M, Alt T, Jaitner T (2021) Identification of neuromuscular performance parameters as risk factors of non-contact injuries in male elite youth soccer players: a preliminary study on 62 players with 25 non-contact injuries. Front Sports Act Living 3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fspor.2021.615330","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2021.615330"},{"issue":"1","key":"6279_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000867","volume":"47","author":"MM Korpinen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Korpinen MM, Trieschock D, Fields JB, Jagim AR, Almonroeder TG, Jones MT (2025) Hamstring-to-quadriceps strength ratios in women team sport athletes: a systematic review. Strength Cond J 47(1):95. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000867","journal-title":"Strength Cond J"},{"key":"6279_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.2147\/OAJSM.S133940","volume":"8","author":"PJ Lang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lang PJ, Sugimoto D, Micheli LJ (2017) Prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in children. Open Access J Sports Med 8:133\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/OAJSM.S133940","journal-title":"Open Access J Sports Med"},{"key":"6279_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.827726","volume":"13","author":"K Legerlotz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Legerlotz K, Nobis T (2022) Insights in the effect of fluctuating female hormones on injury risk-challenge and chance. Front Physiol 13:827726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2022.827726","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6279_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12245-025-00897-1","volume":"18","author":"S Mallorqu\u00edn","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mallorqu\u00edn S, Mart\u00ednez-Sa\u00f1udo L, Gonz\u00e1lez-Riveiro M, Vi\u00f1as-Noguera M, Piz\u00e0-Serra M, Pelfort-L\u00f3pez X (2025) Sports injuries in the emergency department: an observational study with a gender perspective. Int J Emerg Med 18(1):89. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12245-025-00897-1","journal-title":"Int J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"6279_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk8020070","volume":"8","author":"A Mandroukas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mandroukas A, Michailidis Y, Metaxas T (2023) Muscle strength and hamstrings to quadriceps ratio in young soccer players: a cross-sectional study. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 8(2):70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfmk8020070","journal-title":"J Funct Morphol Kinesiol"},{"key":"6279_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McKay AKA, Stellingwerff T, Smith ES et al (2021) Defining training and performance caliber: a participant classification framework. Published online Dec 29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0451","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0451"},{"issue":"5","key":"6279_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.23736\/S0022-4707.23.14501-4","volume":"63","author":"S M\u00f6ck","year":"2023","unstructured":"M\u00f6ck S, Happ K, Wirth K (2023) The evaluation of strength imbalances as risk factor for contactless injuries of the knee and thigh: a critical review. J Sports Med Phys Fit 63(5):685\u2013695. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23736\/S0022-4707.23.14501-4","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fit"},{"issue":"1","key":"6279_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e318190bddb","volume":"19","author":"GD Myer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Myer GD, Ford KR, Barber Foss KD, Liu C, Nick TG, Hewett TE (2009) The relationship of hamstrings and quadriceps strength to anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes. Clin J Sport Med 19(1):3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JSM.0b013e318190bddb","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"6279_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-023-02819-w","volume":"23","author":"F Pournasiri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pournasiri F, Zarei M, Mainer-Pardos E, Nobari H (2023) Isometric and isokinetic strength of lower-limb muscles in female athletes during different phases of menstrual cycle: a causal-comparative study. BMC Womens Health 23(1):657. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-023-02819-w","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"6279_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.18.00198","volume":"7","author":"JS Somerson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Somerson JS, Isby IJ, Hagen MS, Kweon CY, Gee AO (2019) The menstrual cycle may affect anterior knee laxity and the rate of anterior cruciate ligament rupture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JBJS Rev 7(9):e2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.18.00198","journal-title":"JBJS Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"6279_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318299a69d","volume":"45","author":"MS Tenan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tenan MS, Peng YL, Hackney AC, Griffin L (2013) Menstrual cycle mediates vastus medialis and vastus medialis oblique muscle activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 45(11):2151\u20132157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318299a69d","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"11","key":"6279_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318299a69d","volume":"45","author":"M Tenan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tenan M, Peng Y, Hackney A, Griffin L (2013) Menstrual cycle mediates vastus medialis and vastus medialis oblique muscle activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 45(11):2151\u20132157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318299a69d","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"6279_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yu WD, Liu SH, Hatch JD, Panossian V, Finerman GAM (1999) Effect of estrogen on cellular metabolism of the human anterior cruciate ligament. Clin Orthop 366229\u2013238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00003086-199909000-00030","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199909000-00030"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Applied Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-026-06279-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00421-026-06279-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-026-06279-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T12:22:14Z","timestamp":1786105334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00421-026-06279-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["6279"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-026-06279-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1439-6319","1439-6327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1439-6319","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-6327","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The Authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All participants signed an informed consent form beforehand and agreed to data collection, anonymized data storage and publication. The study protocol adhered to ethical guidelines and was approved by the local ethical committee.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval and consent for participation and publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"During the preparation of this work the author(s) used ChatGPT (OpenAI, San Francisco, CA) in order to improve readability and language. After using this tool\/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take(s) full responsibility for the content of the publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Declaration of generative AI use in scientific writing","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}