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On separate days, participants performed three 6-min square-wave transitions at 90% LT\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      (moderate domain) and one 6-min transition at 70%\u0394 (severe domain) under both level and uphill conditions. Pulmonary\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$${\\rm{\\dot V}}{{\\rm{O}}_{\\rm{2}}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      was measured breath-by-breath to determine primary amplitude, time delay, time constant (\u03c4p), and slow component (\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$${\\rm{\\dot V}}{{\\rm{O}}_{\\rm{2SC}}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      ), as well as blood lactate concentration ([La]) pre- and post-exercise.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      During moderate exercise, \u03c4p and time delay did not differ between level and uphill running, whereas the primary\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$${\\rm{\\dot V}}{{\\rm{O}}_{\\rm{2}}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      amplitude and post-exercise [La] were higher during uphill running (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). In the severe domain, no differences were observed between conditions for \u03c4p, time delay, primary amplitude, or\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$${\\rm{\\dot V}}{{\\rm{O}}_{\\rm{2SC}}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      amplitude. Peak\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$${\\rm{\\dot V}}{{\\rm{O}}_{\\rm{2}}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      during severe exercise was higher in uphill compared with level running (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), but values were similar to those obtained during the respective incremental tests.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      When exercise intensity domains are defined using slope-specific incremental testing,\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$${\\rm{\\dot V}}{{\\rm{O}}_{\\rm{2}}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      on-kinetics are similar between level and uphill running in trail runners. These findings support the validity of incline-based testing for physiological normalization and training prescription in uphill running contexts.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-026-06292-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T13:39:24Z","timestamp":1781357964000},"page":"4791-4802","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Oxygen uptake on-kinetics during horizontal and uphill treadmill running in moderate- and severe-intensity domains"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"126","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3219-0075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thiago Pereira","family":"Ventura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3773-6906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando Klitzke","family":"Borszcz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6767-4913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gelson Ribeiro","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5860-5385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas Dalla Vecchia","family":"Lanzarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1851-7975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel de Assis Antunes","family":"de Farias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8566-3086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo Dantas","family":"de Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8797-0437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Turnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"6292_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00422890","volume":"55","author":"O Aura","year":"1986","unstructured":"Aura O, Komi PV (1986) The mechanical efficiency of locomotion in men and women with special emphasis on stretch-shortening cycle exercises. 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