{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:13:00Z","timestamp":1792782780049,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mid Sweden University","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019k1pd13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Appl Physiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the effect of rifle carriage on performance, physiological responses, power output and external work during a simulated biathlon competition in the field.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty well-trained biathletes (10 women) completed a simulated biathlon competition (women 3\u2009\u00d7\u20091.9 km, men 3\u2009\u00d7\u20092.4 km) twice, one trial while carrying the rifle (WR) and the other without rifle (NR) in a randomized counter-balanced order. Laps were separated by two simulated shootings, lasting 38.9\u2009\u00b1\u20098.2 s. Trials were separated by 30-min of active recovery. Heart rate and respiratory variables were measured throughout each trial. Furthermore, blood lactate concentration and ratings of perceived exertion were assessed after each lap. Power output and external work were estimated for both trials based on positional data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall roller-skiing speed was lower WR than NR (5.49\u2009\u00b1\u20090.47 vs. 5.69\u2009\u00b1\u20090.49 m\u2219s\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      , p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), with largest differences during the uphill sections. No differences in physiological responses were found between WR and NR during laps or course sections (p\u2009&gt;\u20090.05), but oxygen uptake and breathing frequency were higher WR than NR during the second simulated shooting (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Mean power output was slightly lower WR than NR; however, the participants performed more external work WR compared to NR due to the longer duration of the WR trial (both p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Since elevated physiological markers may negatively impact standing shooting performance, biathletes should optimize their pacing strategies to maximize overall performance. In addition, rifle carriage increases external work through a lengthened skiing duration, which should be considered when planning and performing biathlon training.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-026-06301-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T10:45:16Z","timestamp":1782729916000},"page":"5319-5333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of rifle carriage on performance, physiological responses, power output and external work in a simulated biathlon competition"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"126","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1353-7950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Jonsson K\u00e5rstr\u00f6m","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Horvath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. P.","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. S.","family":"Laaksonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"6301_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/S12283-008-0004-1","volume":"11","author":"M Ainegren","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ainegren M, carlsson P, Tinnsten M (2008) Rolling resistance for treadmill roller skiing. Sports Eng 11:23\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S12283-008-0004-1","journal-title":"Sports Eng"},{"key":"6301_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2544","DOI":"10.1249\/Mss.0000000000001037","volume":"48","author":"E Andersson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Andersson E, Holmberg HC, \u00d8rtenblad N, Bj\u00f6rklund G (2016) Metabolic responses and pacing strategies during successive sprint skiing time trials. Med Sci Sports Exerc 48:2544\u20132554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/Mss.0000000000001037","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"6301_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/Fphys.2019.00295","author":"EP Andersson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Andersson EP, Govus A, Shannon OM, Mcgawley K (2019) Sex differences in performance and pacing strategies during sprint skiing. Front Physiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/Fphys.2019.00295","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"6301_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1080\/24748668.2018.1497920","volume":"18","author":"G Bj\u00f6rklund","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rklund G (2018) Shooting efficiency for winners of world cup and world championship races in men\u2019s and women\u2019s biathlon: where is the cut-off? Int J Perform Anal Sport 18:545\u2013553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/24748668.2018.1497920","journal-title":"Int J Perform Anal Sport"},{"key":"6301_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/Fspor.2022.841619","volume":"4","author":"G Bj\u00f6rklund","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rklund G, Laaksonen MS (2022) The determinants of performance in biathlon world cup sprint and individual competitions. Front Sports Act Living 4:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/Fspor.2022.841619","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"key":"6301_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2021.1976493","author":"G Bj\u00f6rklund","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rklund G, Dzhilkibaeva N, Gallagher C, Laaksonen MS (2021) The balancing act between skiing and shooting - the determinants of success in Biathlon pursuit and mass start events. J Sports Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640414.2021.1976493","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"6301_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.2340\/1650197719702239298","volume":"2","author":"G Borg","year":"1970","unstructured":"Borg G (1970) Perceived exertion as an indicator of somatic stress. Scand J Rehabil Med 2:92\u201398","journal-title":"Scand J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"6301_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1123\/Ijspp.2016-0101","volume":"12","author":"D-P Born","year":"2017","unstructured":"Born D-P, St\u00f6ggl T, Swar\u00e9n M, Bj\u00f6rklund G (2017) Near-infrared spectroscopy: more accurate than heart rate for monitoring intensity in running in hilly terrain. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 12:440\u2013447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/Ijspp.2016-0101","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"6301_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1519\/Jsc.0b013e318231a799","volume":"26","author":"M Carlsson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carlsson M, Carlsson T, Hammarstr\u00f6m D, Tiivel T, Malm C, Tonkonogi M (2012) Validation of physiological tests in relation to competitive performances in elite male distance cross-country skiing. J Strength Cond Res 26:1496\u20131504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/Jsc.0b013e318231a799","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"6301_CR10","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences, 2nd Edition. Lawrence Earlbaum Associates, Hillsdale","edition":"2nd Edition"},{"issue":"2","key":"6301_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1249\/Mss.0000000000003563","volume":"57","author":"J Danielsen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Danielsen J, Luchsinger H, Ravndal A, Laaksonen MS, Sandbakk \u00d8, Mcghie D (2025) Effect of exercise intensity on biathlon standing shooting performance and rifle movement during outdoor roller skiing. Med Sci Sports Exerc 57(2):355\u2013364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/Mss.0000000000003563","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"6301_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S12283-023-00429-1","volume":"26","author":"O Elfmark","year":"2023","unstructured":"Elfmark O, Docter H, Sandbakk \u00d8, Kocbach J (2023) The influence of sub-technique and skiing velocity on air drag in skating style cross-country skiing. Sports Eng 26:37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S12283-023-00429-1","journal-title":"Sports Eng"},{"key":"6301_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sports12060164","volume":"12","author":"JH Falk Neto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Falk Neto JH, Faulhaber M, Kennedy MD (2024) The characteristics of endurance events with a variable pacing profile\u2014time to embrace the concept of \u201cIntermittent Endurance Events\u201d? Sports (Basel) 12:164","journal-title":"Sports (Basel)"},{"key":"6301_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2015.1005298","volume":"23","author":"D Formenti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Formenti D, Rossi A, Calogiuri G, Thomassen TO, Scurati R, Weydahl A (2015) exercise intensity and pacing strategy of cross-country skiers during A 10 Km skating simulated race. Res Sports Med 23:126\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15438627.2015.1005298","journal-title":"Res Sports Med"},{"key":"6301_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/Fphys.2018.01425","author":"\u00f8 gl\u00f8ersen","year":"2018","unstructured":"gl\u00f8ersen \u00f8, kocbach j, gilgien m (2018a) tracking performance in endurance racing sports: evaluation of the accuracy offered by three commercial Gnss receivers aimed at the sports market. Front Physiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/Fphys.2018.01425","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"6301_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/Fphys.2018.01631","author":"\u00d8 Gl\u00f8ersen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gl\u00f8ersen \u00d8, Losnegard T, Malthe-S\u00f8renssen A, Dysthe DK, Gilgien M (2018b) propulsive power in cross-country skiing: application and limitations of a novel wearable sensor-based method during roller skiing. Front Physiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/Fphys.2018.01631","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"6301_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1249\/Mss.0000000000002209","volume":"52","author":"\u00d8 Gl\u00f8ersen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gl\u00f8ersen \u00d8, Gilgien M, Dysthe DK, Malthe-S\u00f8renssen A, Losnegard T (2020) Oxygen demand, uptake, and deficits in elite cross-country skiers during A 15-Km race. Med Sci Sports Exerc 52:983\u2013992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/Mss.0000000000002209","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"6301_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3337","DOI":"10.1007\/S00421-024-05531-1","volume":"124","author":"\u00d8 Gl\u00f8ersen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gl\u00f8ersen \u00d8, Viken \u00c5, Lund-Hansen M, Losnegard T (2024) The influence of race duration on oxygen demand, uptake and deficit in competitive cross-country skiers. Eur J Appl Physiol 124:3337\u20133349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00421-024-05531-1","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"6301_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1055\/S-2007-1021286","volume":"13","author":"MD Hoffman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hoffman MD, Street GM (1992) Characterization of the heart rate response during biathlon. Int J Sports Med 13:390\u2013394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/S-2007-1021286","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"6301_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1055\/S-2007-1021265","volume":"13","author":"MD Hoffman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hoffman MD, Gilson PM, Westenburg TM, Spencer WA (1992) Biathlon shooting performance after exercise of different intensities. Int J Sports Med 13:270\u2013273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/S-2007-1021265","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"6301_CR21","unstructured":"Ibu. 2024. Ibu Event And Competition Rules. [Online]. Salzburg, Austria: International Biathlon Union. Available: https:\/\/www.biathlonworld.com\/Inside-Ibu\/Downloads [Accessed 2024\u201305\u201303]."},{"key":"6301_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1111\/Sms.13072","volume":"28","author":"S Ihalainen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ihalainen S, Laaksonen MS, Kuitunen S, Lepp\u00e4vuori A, Mikkola J, Lindinger SJ, Linnamo V (2018) Technical determinants of biathlon standing shooting performance before and after race simulation. Scand J Med Sci Sports 28:1700\u20131707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/Sms.13072","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"6301_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(90)90352-4","volume":"23","author":"GJV Ingen Schenau","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ingen Schenau GJV, Cavanagh PR (1990) Power equations in endurance sports. J Biomech 23:865\u2013881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0021-9290(90)90352-4","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"6301_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/Fphys.2019.01519","volume":"10","author":"M Jonsson K\u00e5rstr\u00f6m","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jonsson K\u00e5rstr\u00f6m M, Mcgawley K, Laaksonen MS (2019) Physiological responses to rifle carriage during roller-skiing in elite biathletes. Front Physiol 10:1519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/Fphys.2019.01519","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"6301_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2722","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2023.2189796","volume":"40","author":"M Jonsson K\u00e5rstr\u00f6m","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jonsson K\u00e5rstr\u00f6m M, Staunton C, Mcgawley K, Bj\u00f6rklund G, Laaksonen MS (2022) Rifle carriage affects gear distribution during on-snow skiing in female and male biathletes. J Sports Sci 40:2722\u20132731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640414.2023.2189796","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"6301_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1111\/Sms.14276","volume":"33","author":"M Jonsson K\u00e5rstr\u00f6m","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jonsson K\u00e5rstr\u00f6m M, St\u00f6ggl T, Ohlsson ML, Mcgawley K, Laaksonen MS (2023) Kinematical effects of rifle carriage on roller skiing in well-trained female and male biathletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 33:444\u2013454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/Sms.14276","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"6301_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/Fphys.2018.00846","author":"\u00d8 Karlsson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Karlsson \u00d8, Gilgien M, Gl\u00f8ersen \u00d8N, Rud B, Losnegard T (2018) Exercise intensity during cross-country skiing described by oxygen demands in flat and uphill terrain. Front Physiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/Fphys.2018.00846","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"6301_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/Fspor.2024.1455900","volume":"6","author":"A K\u00e5rstr\u00f6m","year":"2024","unstructured":"K\u00e5rstr\u00f6m A, Swar\u00e9n M, Bj\u00f6rklund G (2024) Discrepancies in internal and external training load measurements during low-intensity biathlon training. Front Sports Act Living 6:1455900. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/Fspor.2024.1455900","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"key":"6301_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Jshs.2018.09.003","volume":"7","author":"MS Laaksonen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Laaksonen MS, Finkenzeller T, Holmberg HC, Sattlecker G (2018a) The influence of physiobiomechanical parameters, technical aspects of shooting, and psychophysiological factors on biathlon performance: a review. J Sport Health Sci 7:394\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.Jshs.2018.09.003","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"key":"6301_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/Fphys.2018.00796","volume":"9","author":"MS Laaksonen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Laaksonen MS, Jonsson M, Holmberg HC (2018b) The Olympic biathlon - recent advances and perspectives after Pyeongchang. Front Physiol 9:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/Fphys.2018.00796","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"6301_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/Fspor.2020.00099","author":"MS Laaksonen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Laaksonen MS, Andersson E, Jonsson K\u00e5rstr\u00f6m M, Lindblom H, Mcgawley K (2020) Laboratory-based factors predicting skiing performance in female and male biathletes. Front Sports Act Living. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/Fspor.2020.00099","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"key":"6301_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1007\/S00421-019-04158-X","volume":"119","author":"T Losnegard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Losnegard T (2019) Energy system contribution during competitive cross-country skiing. Eur J Appl Physiol 119:1675\u20131690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00421-019-04158-X","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"6301_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3256","DOI":"10.1519\/Jsc.0000000000001424","volume":"30","author":"T Losnegard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Losnegard T, Kjeldsen K, Skattebo \u00d8 (2016) An analysis of the pacing strategies adopted by elite cross-country skiers. J Strength Cond Res 30:3256\u20133260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/Jsc.0000000000001424","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"6301_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1123\/Ijspp.2017-0112","volume":"13","author":"H Luchsinger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Luchsinger H, Kocbach J, Ettema G, Sandbakk \u00d8 (2018) Comparison of the effects of performance level and sex on sprint performance in the biathlon world cup. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 13:360\u2013366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/Ijspp.2017-0112","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"6301_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/Fspor.2019.00060","volume":"1","author":"H Luchsinger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luchsinger H, Talsnes RK, Kocbach J, Sandbakk \u00d8 (2019) Analysis of a biathlon sprint competition and associated laboratory determinants of performance. Front Sports Act Living 1:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/Fspor.2019.00060","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"key":"6301_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1123\/Ijspp.2021-0451","volume":"17","author":"AKA Mckay","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mckay AKA, Stellingwerff T, Smith ES, Martin DT, Mujika I, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Sheppard J, Burke LM (2022) Defining training and performance caliber: a participant classification framework. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 17:317\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/Ijspp.2021-0451","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"issue":"1","key":"6301_CR37","first-page":"1049","volume":"45","author":"S Mckinley","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mckinley S, Levine M (1998) Cubic spline interpolation. College of the Redwoods 45(1):1049\u20131060","journal-title":"College of the Redwoods"},{"key":"6301_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00343.2025","volume":"139","author":"BJ Meixner","year":"2025","unstructured":"Meixner BJ, Joyner MJ, Sperlich B (2025) Durability, fatigability, repeatability, and resilience in endurance sports: definitions, distinctions, and implications. J Appl Physiol 139:1703\u20131709","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"6301_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1080\/13873950802164643","volume":"14","author":"JF Moxnes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Moxnes JF, Hausken K (2008) Cross-country skiing motion equations, locomotive forces and mass scaling laws. Math Comput Model Dyn Syst 14:535\u2013569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13873950802164643","journal-title":"Math Comput Model Dyn Syst"},{"key":"6301_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S00421-022-05007-0","author":"H Myklebust","year":"2022","unstructured":"Myklebust H, Losnegard T, Hall\u00e9n J (2022) Kinematic differences between uphill roller skiing and on-snow skiing using the V2 skating technique. Eur J Appl Physiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00421-022-05007-0","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"6301_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/14763140408522832","volume":"3","author":"J Nilsson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nilsson J, Tveit P, Eikrehagen O (2004) effects of speed on temporal patterns in classical style and freestyle cross-country skiing. Sports Biomech 3:85\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14763140408522832","journal-title":"Sports Biomech"},{"key":"6301_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1007\/S40279-023-01903-3","volume":"53","author":"S Nolte","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nolte S, Rein R, Quittmann OJ (2023) Data processing strategies to determine maximum oxygen uptake: a systematic scoping review and experimental comparison with guidelines for reporting. Sports Med 53:2463\u20132475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S40279-023-01903-3","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"6301_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2165\/11319670-000000000-00000","volume":"40","author":"RA Robergs","year":"2010","unstructured":"Robergs RA, Dwyer D, Astorino T (2010) Recommendations for improved data processing from expired gas analysis indirect calorimetry. Sports Med 40:95\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/11319670-000000000-00000","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"6301_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199804000-00015","volume":"30","author":"KW Rundell","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rundell KW, Szmedra L (1998) Energy cost of rifle carriage in biathlon skiing. Med Sci Sports Exerc 30:570\u2013576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005768-199804000-00015","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"6301_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/S00421-025-05885-0","volume":"126","author":"JL S\u00e1nchez-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2026","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Jim\u00e9nez JL, Salas-Montoro J-A, Mateo-March M, Priego-Quesada JI, Zabala M, P\u00e9rez-D\u00edaz J-J (2026) Is intensity the most important factor in determining the amount of prior work accumulated that affects cyclists\u2019 acute durability? A systematic review. Eur J Appl Physiol 126:163\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00421-025-05885-0","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"6301_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/S00421-010-1372-3","volume":"109","author":"\u00d8 Sandbakk","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sandbakk \u00d8, Holmberg HC, Leirdal S, Ettema G (2010) Metabolic rate and gross efficiency at high work rates in world class and national level sprint skiers. Eur J Appl Physiol 109:473\u2013481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00421-010-1372-3","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"6301_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1007\/S00421-010-1719-9","volume":"111","author":"\u00d8 Sandbakk","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sandbakk \u00d8, Ettema G, Leirdal S, Jakobsen V, Holmberg HC (2011) Analysis of a sprint ski race and associated laboratory determinants of world-class performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 111:947\u2013957. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00421-010-1719-9","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"6301_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/Fphys.2016.00326","volume":"7","author":"\u00d8 Sandbakk","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sandbakk \u00d8, Losnegard T, Skattebo \u00d8, Hegge AM, T\u00f8nnessen E, Kocbach J (2016) Analysis of classical time-trial performance and technique-specific physiological determinants in elite female cross-country skiers. Front Physiol 7:326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/Fphys.2016.00326","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"6301_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/Fspor.2022.813784","author":"CA Staunton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Staunton CA, Sloof L, Brandts M, Jonsson K\u00e5rstr\u00f6m M, Laaksonen MS, Bj\u00f6rklund G (2022) The effect of rifle carriage on the physiological and accelerometer responses during biathlon skiing. Front Sports Act Living. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/Fspor.2022.813784","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"key":"6301_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1249\/Mss.0000000000000438","volume":"47","author":"T St\u00f6ggl","year":"2015","unstructured":"St\u00f6ggl T, Bishop P, H\u00f6\u00f6k M, Willis S, Holmberg HC (2015) Effect of carrying a rifle on physiology and biomechanical responses in biathletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 47:617\u2013624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/Mss.0000000000000438","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"6301_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Jshs.2018.09.005","volume":"7","author":"T St\u00f6ggl","year":"2018","unstructured":"St\u00f6ggl T, Pellegrini B, Holmberg HC (2018) Pacing and predictors of performance during cross-country skiing races: a systematic review. J Sport Health Sci 7:381\u2013393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.Jshs.2018.09.005","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"key":"6301_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/S00158-012-0856-7","volume":"47","author":"D Sundstr\u00f6m","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sundstr\u00f6m D, Carlsson P, St\u00e5hl F, Tinnsten M (2013) Numerical optimization of pacing strategy in cross-country skiing. Struct Multidiscip Optim 47:943\u2013950. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00158-012-0856-7","journal-title":"Struct Multidiscip Optim"},{"key":"6301_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2017.1391323","volume":"18","author":"M Swar\u00e9n","year":"2019","unstructured":"Swar\u00e9n M, Eriksson A (2019) Power and pacing calculations based on real-time locating data from a cross-country skiing sprint race. Sports Biomech 18:190\u2013201","journal-title":"Sports Biomech"},{"key":"6301_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/Journal.Pone.0256662","volume":"16","author":"RK Talsnes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Talsnes RK, Solli GS, Kocbach J, Torvik P\u00d8, Sandbakk \u00d8 (2021) Laboratory- and field-based performance-predictions in cross-country skiing and roller-skiing. PLoS ONE 16:1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/Journal.Pone.0256662","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"6301_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1123\/Ijspp.2014-0431","volume":"10","author":"E T\u00f8nnessen","year":"2015","unstructured":"T\u00f8nnessen E, Haugen TA, Hem E, Leirstein S, Seiler S (2015) Maximal aerobic capacity in the winter-olympics endurance disciplines: olympic-medal benchmarks for the time period 1990\u20132013. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 10:835\u2013839. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/Ijspp.2014-0431","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"6301_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410903081860","volume":"27","author":"V Vesterinen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vesterinen V, Mikkola J, Nummela A, Hynynen E, H\u00e4kkinen K (2009) Fatigue in a simulated cross-country skiing sprint competition. J Sports Sci 27:1069\u20131077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640410903081860","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Applied Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-026-06301-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00421-026-06301-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-026-06301-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T06:02:38Z","timestamp":1791093758000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00421-026-06301-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["6301"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-026-06301-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1439-6319","1439-6327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1439-6319","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-6327","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}