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SPARC secretion typically requires vigorous-intensity exercise. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) non-selectively recruits glycolytic Type II muscle fibers, potentially inducing intense localized metabolic stress despite a low systemic cardiorespiratory demand.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of a single bout of NMES at an intensity corresponding to the first ventilatory threshold (VT\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) on circulating SPARC levels in healthy young subjects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirteen healthy men (21.0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.7 years) participated in a randomized crossover study: Control (rest) and 30\u00a0min NMES at the maximum tolerable intensity with a heart rate (HR) ceiling 120% of VT\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      . Serum SPARC, lactate, and glucose levels were measured before and after each session.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      NMES significantly increased serum SPARC (616.0\u2009\u00b1\u2009200.9 to 739.2\u2009\u00b1\u2009279.8 ng\/mL,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0078,\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.61) and blood lactate (1.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.4 to 4.8\u2009\u00b1\u20091.5 mmol\/L,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001,\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20098.42) levels while reducing glucose levels (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0377,\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u2212\u20090.92). The correlation between \u0394 SPARC and \u0394 Lactate (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.37,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.21) showed a positive trend consistent with the effect size observed in a previous high-intensity exercise study.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      NMES at VT\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      intensity increases circulating SPARC levels by bypassing the systemic cardiorespiratory threshold via accelerated glycolytic flux and subsequent lactate accumulation. This study provides a physiological framework for NMES as a potential strategy to induce SPARC responses in populations where strenuous volitional exertion is limited.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>UMIN-CTR (UMIN000060258).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-026-06310-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T10:35:50Z","timestamp":1782729350000},"page":"4751-4762","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bypassing the systemic cardiorespiratory threshold: neuromuscular electrical stimulation elicits a SPARC response through accelerated glycolytic flux"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"126","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1944-4280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshiaki","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Malone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominic","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoyuki","family":"Katsuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Caulfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"6310_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Akutsu T, Ito E, Narita M, Ohdaira H, Suzuki Y, Urashima M (2020) Effect of serum SPARC levels on survival in patients with digestive tract cancer: a post Hoc analysis of the AMATERASU Randomized Clinical Trial. 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