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Reduced mechanical loading, whether due to microgravity or physical inactivity, leads to musculoskeletal deconditioning across both spaceflight and clinical contexts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-five adults with stable neuromuscular or neurodegenerative disorders and twenty-one age-matched healthy controls completed a short-arm human centrifugation protocol under a no-rotation baseline condition (\u03c9\u2009=\u20090) and at 1.5, 1.7, and 2.0\u00a0g measured at the feet. Surface electromyography (sEMG) of the medial gastrocnemius was recorded for 60\u00a0s at each condition and analyzed as log-transformed root mean square amplitude using linear mixed-effects models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Medial gastrocnemius EMG increased significantly at all hypergravity levels compared with the no-rotation baseline (main effect of condition, p\u2009\u2264\u20090.001). No significant main effect of group was observed, although a small group\u2009\u00d7\u2009condition interaction indicated modest differences in the magnitude of response. Within-session reliability was excellent, whereas between-day reliability was moderate. Cardiovascular parameters, assessed in a subset of participants, remained within physiological ranges across conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\u2009+\u2009Gz loading induces reproducible increases in antigravity muscle activation in humans, in both groups of patients and healthy controls. These findings demonstrate that short-arm centrifugation provides a controllable mechanical stimulus for investigating load-dependent neuromuscular activation and human integrative responses to altered gravitational loading.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-026-06332-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T12:10:24Z","timestamp":1786018224000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Medial gastrocnemius activation during graded axial hypergravity induced by short-arm human centrifugation"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6883-670X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chrysoula","family":"Kourtidou-Papadeli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Patikas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Kourtidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonios","family":"Kyparos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Vasileiadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zafeiro","family":"Gkemou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stavroula","family":"Chaloulakou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Georgiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis D.","family":"Bamidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Vernikos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"6332_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2009.01084.x","volume":"20","author":"P Aagaard","year":"2010","unstructured":"Aagaard P, Suetta C, Caserotti P, Magnusson SP, Kj\u00e6r M (2010) Role of the nervous system in sarcopenia and muscle atrophy with aging: strength training as a countermeasure. 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