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This study examined whether spatiotemporal, biomechanical, cardiorespiratory and energetic variables provide crossover-based optimal transition speed (OTS) that align with PTS during incline locomotion at constant vertical speed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>17 Endurance-trained runners performed randomized six-minute walking and running bouts at speeds from 0.55 to 2.50\u00a0m\u00b7s\u207b\u00b9 for walking and from 0.55 to 3.88\u00a0m\u00b7s\u207b\u00b9 for running, all conducted at a constant vertical speed of 800\u00a0m\u00b7h\u207b\u00b9. The PTS assessment protocol was designed to maintain a constant rate of vertical ascent throughout the test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The average PTS occurred at 1.76\u00a0m\u00b7s\u207b\u00b9 on a 7.2\u00b0 slope. Energy and O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      cost of transport as well as metabolic power exhibited optimal transition speed that did not differ significantly from PTS, indicating a strong association between these energetic variables and the choice of gait. In contrast, heart rate, ventilation, and internal mechanical work displayed optimal transition speeds that were significantly different from PTS, while external and total mechanical work, step frequency, and step length showed no crossover between gaits.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings indicate that, under conditions of constant vertical speed, uphill PTS aligns more closely with energetic crossover criteria than with cardiorespiratory or mechanical-work-based crossovers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-026-06363-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T06:40:25Z","timestamp":1785393625000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Energetic cost of locomotion closely aligns with the preferred uphill walk\u2013run transition at constant vertical speed in runners"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0090-8827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louis","family":"Finiel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Carron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chlo\u00e9","family":"Margot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3969-0448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentin","family":"Luc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3905-5642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Malatesta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7672-3307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Borrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"6363_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000127692.23278.a9","volume":"66","author":"MA Babyak","year":"2004","unstructured":"Babyak MA (2004) What you see may not be what you get: a brief, nontechnical introduction to overfitting in regression-type models. 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