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Therefore, this study investigated the effect of running in the heat on neuromuscular function, cardiac autonomic modulation, and plasma markers of muscle microtrauma during post-exercise recovery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twelve participants (V\u0307O\n                      <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                      : 44.8\u2009\u00b1\u20093.5 mL\/kg\/min) ran to task failure at a velocity associated with the respiratory compensation point (vRCP) in temperate (22.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9\u00a0\u00b0C) and hot (38.8\u2009\u00b1\u20090.7\u00a0\u00b0C) environments. Voluntary and evoked contractions of the knee-extensors, heart rate variability (HRV), and plasma creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentrations were assessed pre-exercise, within the first hour post-exercise, and at 24-, 48, and 72-h post-exercise.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Running in the heat reduced time to task failure (TTF, 17.8\u2009\u00b1\u20094.4\u00a0min vs. 42.3\u2009\u00b1\u200920.1,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01,\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091.96) and attenuated the increase in plasma CK at 24\u00a0h post-exercise (condition\u00d7time interaction, post-hoc\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Neuromuscular function and cardiac autonomic modulation were impaired within the first hour post-exercise (time effects,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and returned to baseline values at 24-h post-exercise in both conditions (post-hoc\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05). Aggregated data (condition effects, post-hoc\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) over the 72-h monitoring time evidenced exacerbation of low-frequency force depression (reduced Db10\n                      <jats:sub>Force<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/Db100\n                      <jats:sub>Force<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and cardiac vagal withdrawal (reduced high-frequency HRV power) after running in the heat.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Running in the heat at vRCP reduced TTF. Although heat reduced exercise duration, it specifically exacerbated low-frequency force depression and cardiac vagal withdrawal for 72-h post-exercise while attenuating the increase in plasma markers of muscle microtrauma at 24-h post-exercise.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-026-06367-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T11:37:13Z","timestamp":1784979433000},"page":"5675-5690","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Running in the heat reduces time to task failure, attenuates biomarkers of muscle microtrauma, and exacerbates low-frequency force depression and cardiac vagal withdrawal over 72-h post-exercise"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Yago Medeiros","family":"Dutra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paloma Tavares","family":"Mendon\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Pedro Fialho","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Esco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elvis","family":"de Souza Malta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo Ara\u00fajo Bonetti","family":"de Poli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1065-4158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro Moura","family":"Zagatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"6367_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ansdell P, Thomas K, Hicks KM, Hunter SK, Howatson G, Goodall S (2020) Physiological sex differences affect the integrative response to exercise: acute and chronic implications. 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