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Neuromuscular function was assessed before and after the time trial, and after a sustained knee-extensor contraction at 20% MVC to task failure. Measures included MVC, voluntary activation (VA), M-wave amplitude, evoked twitch properties, and integrated electromyography (iEMG).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Performance time (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.336) and time to task failure (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.394) did not differ between conditions. iEMG increased during the 20% MVC in all trials (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). There were no condition \u00d7 time interactions for MVC, VA, M-wave amplitude (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2265\u20090.335), or twitch contractile variables (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2265\u20090.115). Time effects were observed for rate of relaxation, which decreased in all trials (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0302 to\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.000239), contraction duration, which increased in all trials (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0412 to\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.000091), and half-relaxation time, which increased in H\u2082O, PLA\n                      <jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub>\n                      and CHO\n                      <jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.00322).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prolonged self-paced cycling in the heat produced a reproducible neuromuscular response dominated by slowed twitch relaxation. However, 6% CHO ingestion did not clearly attenuate these changes compared with PLA, suggesting that the principal impairment reflected exercise and heat load rather than CHO availability or delivery mode.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-026-06368-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T10:36:28Z","timestamp":1784630188000},"page":"5643-5653","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Skeletal muscle twitch relaxation kinetics following heat stress endurance: carbohydrate versus placebo"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Camila","family":"Nassif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Cannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8352-6208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank E.","family":"Marino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"6368_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00015.2007","volume":"88","author":"DG Allen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Allen DG, Lamb GD, Westerblad H (2008) Skeletal muscle fatigue: cellular mechanisms. 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